Particulate matter (PM2.5) refers to particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less. It originates from various sources and is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen due to its health impacts. South Korea has been consistently implementing PM2....
Particulate matter (PM2.5) refers to particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less. It originates from various sources and is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen due to its health impacts. South Korea has been consistently implementing PM2.5 reduction policies since 2015; however, the annual average concentrations still exceed the national ambient air quality standards. Therefore, this study aimed to conduct a comprehensive analysis of PM2.5 sources using 12 years long-term monitoring data (2003-2007, 2016-2022) in Seoul, in order to identify management priorities and provide policy recommendations. PM2.5 sources were identified using Dispersion-Normalized Positive Matrix Factorization (DN-PMF), and trend analyses as well as policy effectiveness evaluations were conducted. In addition, source location analyses were conducted using the Conditional Bivariate Probability Function (CBPF), and short-term health impacts of each source on three types of mortality (cardiovascular (CD), respiratory (RD), and mental and nervous system (MD)) were assessed through a time-stratified case-crossover analysis.
Although the mass concentration of PM2.5 has shown a steady decrease due to policy implementation, it continues to increase the risk of RD, indicating the need for ongoing management. Secondary nitrate and mobile source contributions are primarily influenced by emissions from multi-lane roadways. Their contributions were lowest in 2nd SMP period when the effects of policy and social distancing appeared simultaneously. They also increased the risk of CD and RD, highlighting the necessity for continued and targeted management. To address this, policies should be strengthened to reduce traffic volume and lower NOx emissions. The contribution of biomass burning source has steadily decreased due to regulations on illegal rural waste incineration. In recent, the trend is shifting, with restaurant emissions in Seoul emerging as a notable source of impact. However, despite this decrease and shift, increase the risk of all causes of deaths, highlighting the need to establish regulations targeting restaurant emissions. The incinerator, industry, and oil + coal combustion sources showed significant decreases following policy implementation. However, their contributions fluctuated thereafter, revealing policy limitations. Furthermore, incinerator was associated with increased risks of CD and RD; industry was linked to elevated risks across all causes of death; and oil + coal combustion was associated with increased risks of RD and MD. Accordingly, policies should be strengthened to further reduce the total permissible emission volume from incineration facilities. For industry, operating hour regulations need to be established based on the specific characteristics of each industry. Existing regulations on oil and coal combustion should be strengthened, alongside investigating newly emerging sources. The identification of elevated risks association with MD, which previously underexplored in the context of PM2.5 exposure, highlights the importance of ongoing surveillance across a wider spectrum of health outcomes. For more robust evaluations, future research should incorporate both short-term and long-term health impacts.
The comprehensive analytical methods employed in this study is expected to suitable for future long-term analyses based on continuous monitoring. And the findings are expected to serve as valuable reference material for refining and enhancing future PM2.5 reduction policies.