Regenerative medicine is an interdisciplinary field that aims to restore or replace damaged tissues and organs by harnessing the body’s natural healing processes. Central to this approach is the use of biomaterials, both natural and synthetic, that ...
Regenerative medicine is an interdisciplinary field that aims to restore or replace damaged tissues and organs by harnessing the body’s natural healing processes. Central to this approach is the use of biomaterials, both natural and synthetic, that provide structural support, modulate the local microenvironment, and promote functional tissue regeneration. The field is increasingly utilizing such biomaterials to enhance tissue repair, facilitate personalized therapies, and minimize the limitations of traditional treatments.
This dissertation investigates two complementary biomaterial strategies for regenerative medicine: (1) the development of extracellular matrix (ECM)-based scaffolds via supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO₂) decellularization, and (2) the application of polydioxanone (PDO) particle-based injectables as a novel therapeutic approach for joint repair. These strategies are applied to three distinct tissue contexts—peripheral nerve, soft tissue, and cartilage—highlighting tailored biomaterial designs for specific clinical challenges.
The first study introduces Sc-CO₂ decellularization as an advanced technique for generating acellular scaffolds while preserving essential extracellular matrix components. This novel method effectively removes cellular content from porcine nerve tissues while maintaining collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which are crucial for cell adhesion and tissue integration. Unlike conventional detergent-based decellularization, Sc-CO₂ eliminates cytotoxic residues, enhancing the biocompatibility and bioactivity of the resulting scaffold. In vivo implantation in a rat sciatic nerve injury model demonstrated significant functional nerve regeneration, Schwann cell infiltration, and myelin sheath formation. These findings validate Sc-CO₂-treated nerve grafts as a promising alternative to autologous nerve transplantation, offering a biocompatible and scalable solution for peripheral nerve repair.
The second study expands the application of Sc-CO₂ decellularization to soft tissue reconstruction, introducing SC Fill paste, an injectable ADM engineered for breast reconstruction. This biomaterial undergoes Sc-CO2 decellularization, followed by micronization and mechanical dispersion, transforming the ECM into a microparticulate form. In contrast to conventional sheet-type ADMs, which are less effective in treating complex or irregularly shaped defects due to their shaping limitation, paste-type allows precise defect filling and superior adaptability to irregular soft tissue structures, facilitating a more reproducible restoration of breast contours, particularly in oncoplastic breast-conserving surgery (OBCS). In vitro characterization of SC Fill paste demonstrated low immunogenicity, preserved ECM structure, and the retention of key growth factors, which supported enhanced fibroblast infiltration, neovascularization, and long-term collagen remodeling in an in vivo model. Compared to commercial ADMs, SC Fill paste exhibited superior host tissue incorporation and reduced capsular contracture, offering a minimally invasive and customizable solution for breast reconstruction and soft tissue augmentation.
Beyond Sc-CO₂ decellularization, the third study explores polydioxanone particle-based injectables as a novel therapeutic strategy for osteoarthritis. Using a collagenase-induced OA rabbit model, intra-articular PDO injections were evaluated against standard viscosupplements like hyaluronic acid (HA) and polynucleotides (PN). PDO treatment significantly preserved cartilage integrity, suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α), and downregulated catabolic enzymes (MMP-3, -9, -13), while promoting the expression of chondroprotective markers such as collagen type II and aggrecan. These findings support PDO particles as dual-function agents that provide both biomechanical support and biological modulation of the joint microenvironment—making them promising therapeutics for long-term OA management and cartilage regeneration.
By integrating Sc-CO₂-based ECM scaffolds, applied in both decellularized nerve grafts for nerve repair and micronized injectable ADM paste for soft tissue reconstruction, polydioxanone particle-based therapeutics for joint repair, this dissertation contributes to the development of next-generation biomaterials with broad clinical applications in reconstructive and regenerative medicine. These advancements establish a strong foundation for the clinical translation of minimally invasive and biocompatible regenerative therapies, paving the way for innovative interventions in nerve regeneration, breast reconstruction, and cartilage repair.
*The study regarding Chapter I was published in ‘Supercritical carbon dioxide decellularization of porcine nerve matrix for regenerative medicine’, Tissue Engineering Part A. 2024
* The manuscript corresponding to Chapter II is currently being submitted for publication.
*The findings described in Chapter III have been published in ‘Evaluating the efficacy of intra-articular polydioxanone (PDO) injections as a novel viscosupplement in osteoarthritis treatment’, Life Science 2025
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Keyword: Supercritical carbon dioxide decellularization, Injectable acellular dermal matrix, Polydioxanone, Peripheral nerve regeneration, Osteoarthritis treatment, Breast reconstruction surgery
Student Number: 2021-35474