Introduction: Although exposure to cooking oil fumes has been associated with an increased risk of lung cancer, research on the actual levels of carcinogen exposure among cooks is lack. This study aims to assess environmental exposure levels during oc...
Introduction: Although exposure to cooking oil fumes has been associated with an increased risk of lung cancer, research on the actual levels of carcinogen exposure among cooks is lack. This study aims to assess environmental exposure levels during occupational cooking among school meal workers in Seoul, Republic of Korea. Additionally, the study identifies the mechanism of initial lung oncogenesis utilizing genetically disturbed human lung organoids.
Method: This study employs molecular epidemiological approaches involving at least 252 school meal workers from 28 school cafeterias in Seoul. We measured several biomarkers, including, benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE) DNA adducts and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) metabolites with. Additionally, we knocked out TP53 and RB1 on human airway organoid to model small cell lung cancer and conducted single-cell RNA sequencing. Several oncogenes such as EML4-ALK fusion gene were overexpressed to induce non-small cell lung cancer.
Results: Cooks exposed to cooking fumes exhibited significantly higher levels of BPDE-DNA adducts compared to the control group. In addition to cooking fume exposure, factors such as consumption of leached tea, grilled foods, and time spent cooking at home were positively associated with BPDE-DNA adduct levels, while green tea consumption was inversely associated. We established tumor suppressor genes knock-out organoid model that revealed loss of TP53 and RB1 may induce deuterosome-independent multiciliogenesis, which was initial change in small cell lung cancer development. Additionally, we constructed oncogene overexpressing human airway organoid to model non-small cell lung cancer development.
Discussion: This study confirmed that school kitchen workers were significantly exposed to carcinogens. Dietary components such as polyphenols may influence PAH metabolism, suggesting potential intervention strategies. This study highlights an overlooked occupational group at risk for lung cancer. Future research should extend to other high-risk cooks, with a focus on protective policies and improved working conditions. This study utilized human lung airway organoids to model lung cancer initiation. From the analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing of TP53 and RB1 knock-out airway organoid atypical multiciliogenesis was identified. These genetic alterations may to aberrant centrosome formation and upregulation of microtubule-associated genes, possibly enhancing migratory and metastatic potential in small cell lung cancer.
Conclusions: Cooks are exposed to carcinogen that needs further monitoring. TP53 and RB1 loss affect differentiation of human airway organoids that could initiate lung cancer.