The interaction between antimatter and gravitational fields remains a fundamental question in modern physics. While the Weak Equivalence Principle has been experimentally tested for matter with a precision of 10^(-15), it has yet to be conclusively te...
The interaction between antimatter and gravitational fields remains a fundamental question in modern physics. While the Weak Equivalence Principle has been experimentally tested for matter with a precision of 10^(-15), it has yet to be conclusively tested for antimatter. The GBAR (Gravitational Behaviour of Antihydrogen at Rest) experiment seeks to measure the gravitational acceleration of antihydrogen in Earth's gravitational field with a precision of 1%, with the ultimate goal of improving this to 10^(-5) or better in future stages. Achieving such precision requires the production of antihydrogen ions, which are cooled to a few μK and then neutralized to perform free-fall experiments with ultra-cold antihydrogen atoms.
The production of antihydrogen represents a crucial milestone for the GBAR experiment. Antihydrogen atoms and ions are expected to be produced via a double charge exchange reaction between a positronium cloud and an antiproton beam. To obtain a sufficient number of antihydrogen ions, the antiproton beam must be delivered to the target region with high intensity and low emittance to maximize the overlap with the positronium cloud.
This thesis focuses on the development and commissioning of the Antiproton Trap, a type of Penning-Malmberg trap designed to meet the requirements for the antiproton beam. The Antiproton Decelerator (AD) and the Extra Low Energy Antiproton (ELENA) ring at CERN supply a 100 keV antiproton beam to experiments at the AD facility, including GBAR. In the GBAR experiment, a drift tube decelerator reduces the beam energy to 1-10 keV before sending it to the Antiproton Trap. The antiprotons are then trapped, cooled, and compressed in the trap, and subsequently extracted, accelerated, and transferred to the positronium target.
The Antiproton Trap demonstrated the highest performance among all existing antiproton traps in terms of trapping efficiency and plasma density. It achieves a trapping efficiency of (44±4)% relative to the ELENA beam intensity, corresponding to (5.1±0.4)×10^6 antiprotons per AD/ELENA cycle. Using the rotating wall technique, the antiproton plasma is compressed to a density estimated to be approximately 1% of the Brillouin density limit. After being compressed to a high density, the antiprotons are extracted and accelerated. The trap routinely provides 6 keV bunches containing (4.9±0.4)×10^6 antiprotons, which are delivered to the positronium target cavity where antihydrogen is formed.
The successful commissioning of the Antiproton Trap has significantly increased the antihydrogen production rate and enabled the first measurement of the antihydrogen production cross section. Further improvements are expected to enable the production of antihydrogen ions, a critical step toward achieving the primary objective of the GBAR experiment.