The purpose of this study is to investigate the objective and the subjective, the quantitative and the qualitative dynamics of the gendered division of labor among Korean housework-sharing dual-earner couples. In particular, it examines the associatio...
The purpose of this study is to investigate the objective and the subjective, the quantitative and the qualitative dynamics of the gendered division of labor among Korean housework-sharing dual-earner couples. In particular, it examines the association of the husbands’ involvement in housework – based on participation, time amounts, as well as independent and shared housework time – with the wife’s housework time and her satisfaction with the domestic division of labor. Apart from these spousal effects, it also examines the higher group structure: if relational comparisons to regional and peer referents among housework-sharing dual-earner couples affects the wife’s subjective perceptions when determining the fairness of the housework division. More directly, the chapters examine how housework-sharing couples differ from non-sharing couples qualitatively, why a husband's higher housework contribution is not always associated with a lower housework time for the wife, and how housework undertaken conjointly by the spouses modifies the dynamics of sharing housework. It connects these objective factors to the wife's subjective perceptions by examining how the wife's subjective evaluations of housework are influenced by joint housework time and peer referents.
The study used the most recent, 2019 Korean Time Use Survey. A total of 1855 dual-earner couples (husbands and wives) between the ages 20 and 59 who both undertook at least a minimal amount of housework within the survey period were selected for the sample. Apart from using dyadic data, this study innovated by using a 48-hour time frame, as each participant submitted a two-day diary for two subsequent days.
The dissertation consists of two preliminary chapters, and three interrelated but standalone papers each analyzing a different aspect of housework-dynamics among Korean housework-sharing dual-earner couples. In the preliminary chapters, after a conceptual overview of the gendered division of housework in an international and Korean dual-earner context, we outline our data and sample and in particular establish qualitative differences between housework-sharing and non-sharing couples in order to drive attention to the importance of this growing subsample of Korean dual-earners, justifying our choice of selection for the present study.
In paper one (Chapter 4), we focus on objective dynamics within the couple by examining what association the husband’s total housework time and his joint housework proportion has with the wife’s housework time, and how the independent variables interact. We aim to first, confirm previous international and domestic claims about the possible complementarity of housework within the couple, the phenomenon that the husband’s higher housework participation is not necessarily associated with a decrease in the wife’s housework time. Second, we examine if a higher joint housework proportion – as opposed to housework undertaken by the husband independently – by the spouses together has a positive relation with the wife’s total housework time, and if this interacts with the husband’s total housework time. Third, we further examine how the total housework load in the household modifies this picture. Our findings indicate that there is indeed complementarity in housework between spouses when taking the absolute amount of housework participation into consideration, but this relationship is due to the Simpson’s paradox, as the association disappears when sectioning by total household housework load. We further found that a higher proportion of joint housework time by the husband is related to an increase in the wife’s housework time only when it’s coupled with a higher total participation by the husband, and was not significant on its own. We concluded the importance of more independent participation in housework by the husbands, particularly in those households where the total household housework load is very high.
Following up on our findings in paper one, paper two (Chapter 5) examines the subjective pane of the internal housework dynamics of housework-sharing dual-earner couples. In particular, we try to clarify a contradiction between how joint housework time might be perceived by the wife. Joint family time, or time spent together by the couple has been shown in previous studies to have positive psycho-social implications for both spouses, especially for the wife. However, housework is not only an undesirable activity but as we have previously found, in some cases a higher proportion of joint housework time can have a positive association with the wife’s housework time, aggravating her own housework load. Following up on claims of the theory of distributive justice emphasizing the importance of subjective perceptions of fairness, we aim to answer the question if a higher proportion of joint housework time will have a positive or negative association with the wife’s housework satisfaction, how this is moderated by the husband’s total housework time and if a higher housework time by either spouse is mediated through a higher joint housework proportion. Our findings indicate that first, not only a higher amount of total participation by the husband, but a higher joint housework proportion also had a positive association with the wife’s housework satisfaction, confirming the positive psycho-social importance of shared time, regardless of activity. Second, we found that these two variables did not interact significantly, further confirming the symbolic importance of the wife perceiving help from her husband through joint housework time regardless of the actual amount of total participation by him. Third, our results indicated that while the positive association of the husband’s total housework participation was not significantly mediated through a higher joint housework proportion, the negative association of a higher housework time by the wife was significantly less if a higher proportion of this was undertaken together by the spouses. Our results emphasize the complex and subjective nature of housework satisfaction, indicating that rational and practical considerations might be modified and even overridden by symbolic contributions.
In paper 3 (Chapter 6), in line with the claim distributive justice emphasizing the importance of justifications and relational comparisons, we examined the importance of comparison referents, a novel strand of research in subjective perceptions for both international and domestic research. We argued that particularly in Korean society, where peer pressure and the push for ‘fitting in’ is high, where peer networks are dense and influential, and where the dual-earner model is less entrenched, wives’ perceptions of what they ‘deserve’ in the domestic sphere will likely be influenced by comparing their situations to female peers of similar status. In line with previous studies pointing to the importance of geographical and status-related, intra-gender peer networks for Korean women, we examined if the wives’ housework satisfaction in housework-sharing dual-earner partnerships will be significantly associated to her or her husband’s deviations from peer referents. We also attempted to clarify how such dynamics operate in the Korean setting by examining if equity theory – doing about the same as the referential comparisons – or a comparative advantage – being in a more advantageous position than one’s peers – explained changes in the wife’s housework satisfaction better. We found that first, wives’ housework satisfaction had a significant relation to both her own, and her husband’s deviations from referents based on both geographical vicinity and status similarity, and these operated in expected directions. Second, we confirmed that contrary to the claims of equities, a higher magnitude of absolute deviations in either direction from referential comparisons did not have a significant association with the wife’s housework satisfaction. Third, we clarified that if the wife or her spouse did more than ‘expected’, this was not significantly associated with an increase in the wife’s housework satisfaction. Only if the wife or the husband did less than the comparison referents was this related to a significant change in the wife’s housework satisfaction, having a positive and negative association with it respectively. Our results drive attention to the importance of referential comparisons in housework through quantitative and qualitative data particularly in the Korean context, and drive attention to the highly contextual nature of such referents. The last chapter in the dissertation concludes our findings, discusses significance and proposes some prospective directions for further research.
Apart from introducing a novel integration of the KTUS dataset based on a 48-hour time frame, the dissertation contributes to previous studies on housework dynamics by emphasizing the importance of examining households where spouses share the housework to a more or less regular extent, thereby providing a more comprehensive and accurate assessment on Korean husbands’ housework participation. Further, it provides a more nuanced examination of housework dynamics in housework-sharing Korean dual-earner couples, especially in the perspective of joint housework time. In particular, it drives attention to how qualitatively different modes of housework participation have different implications for the gender division of housework not only on the objective, but also on the subjective pane, and emphasizes the importance of referential comparisons – a previously unresearched but important strand, especially in the Korean context.