Introduction
Mandibular discontinuity, often resulting from tumor resection, presents a significant reconstructive challenge. While osteocutaneous free flaps can offer functional and biological advantages, their use is limited by donor site morbidity...
Introduction
Mandibular discontinuity, often resulting from tumor resection, presents a significant reconstructive challenge. While osteocutaneous free flaps can offer functional and biological advantages, their use is limited by donor site morbidity and surgical complexity. As an alternative, reconstruction plates (R-plates) have been widely adopted due to their procedural simplicity and reduced operative time despite complications such as plate fracture, screw loosening, and plate exposure, such complications can be exacerbated by factors like occlusal force, radiotherapy, and mandibular defect type. Recently, 3D-customized R-plates have emerged to address these issues by enhancing fitness and mechanical strength, but clinical evidence is limited.
This study investigates fracture patterns and risk factors in patients with conventional R-plates and evaluates stress distribution of conventional R-plate and custom plate design through finite element analysis (FEA), ultimately aiming to propose an optimized 3D-customized plate design.
Materials and Method
In the retrospective clinical analysis, clinical records of patients who underwent mandibular reconstruction with R-plates to evaluate complications and associated risk factors. Eligible patients were selected based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, and data including surgical timing, defect type, plate survival, complications, remaining teeth, concomitant flap, defect size and radiotherapy were statistically analyzed.
In the FEA, mandibular models were created using patient CT data, with tumor ablation simulated to reflect post-surgical anatomy. Models were categorized by defect type and number of fixation screws, the presence or absence of coronoidectomy, and custom plate design (flat or grid-mesh). R-plates and screws were designed based on a commercial system using SolidWorks 2016® (Dassault Systèmes Simulia Corp., Johnston, RI, USA). FEA was conducted under static load conditions with applied muscle and occlusal forces. Boundary conditions were set to reflect realistic mandibular constraints. Contact between the plate and bone was defined using surface friction interactions, while connections between plate, screws, and bone were modeled using tie constraints.
Results
A total of 44 patients (30 males, 14 females; mean age 60.2 years) was included. The most common defect type was L-type (58.3%), and the overall complication rate was 54.35%, with plate fracture occurring in 27.2% of cases. Most fractures were observed near the mandibular angle, particularly in L-type defects. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed significantly higher R-plate survival in patients with fewer than 10 remaining mandibular teeth (p = 0.04). Additionally, the survival rate of the R-plate was significantly lower in cases where the mandibular defect size was 80 mm or less (p = 0.002).
FEA revealed L- and CL-type defects to experience the highest von Mises stresses, particularly near the screw hole closest to the defect. Central defects (C, LCL) showed lower overall stress. Models with fewer screw fixations (e.g., 3-hole) exhibited significantly higher peak stress values than 5-hole fixations. Coronoidectomy resulted in broader stress distribution and increased both maximum and minimum stress values, especially in the mandibular angle region. Custom plate designs demonstrated similar stress patterns to the conventional R-plate, but with higher stress magnitudes; the grid-mesh type plate (custom design 2L) exhibited localized stress peaks near screw holes.
Discussion and conclusion
Survival of R-plate affected by both defect type and size, number of remaining mandibular Among the defect types analyzed, L- and CL-types exhibited the highest stress patterns, with the L-type showing the highest peak stress. A greater number of fixation screws improved stress dispersion, while the overall arrangement of screws played a substantial role in stress concentration. The biomechanical impact of coronoidectomy, which eliminates the influence of the temporalis muscle on the mandible, varied by defect type; in L-type defects, it unexpectedly resulted in increased stress levels. A plate design with a wider width is advantageous for increasing the overall strength of the metal plate; however, it tended to show higher maximum stress and a greater stress distribution compared to the conventional design.
In addition, the grid mesh-type R-plate design (custom design 2L) increased stress concentration was observed around the screw holes, resulting in a significant increase in maximum stress and indicating less mechanical benefit than expected.