Glioblastoma (GBM) remains one of the most challenging human cancers due to its aggressive nature and profound resistance to standard therapies. While chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has shown promise, its application to solid tumors li...
Glioblastoma (GBM) remains one of the most challenging human cancers due to its aggressive nature and profound resistance to standard therapies. While chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has shown promise, its application to solid tumors like GBM is hindered by factors including inefficient T-cell trafficking, limited persistence, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Interleukin-13 receptor α2 (IL13Rα2) presents an attractive target due to its frequent overexpression on GBM cells contrasted with minimal expression in normal brain tissue. This study details the development and rigorous preclinical evaluation of Advanced CAR-T (ACT), an advanced IL13Rα2-targeting CAR-T platform engineered with multiple synergistic functionalities to overcome these barriers.
The ACT construct utilizes a modified IL13 ligand for enhanced specificity, incorporates a truncated IL-7 receptor alpha (ΔIL7Rα) domain to promote persistence, includes a TGF-β/IL-18 chimeric switch receptor to counteract TME immunosuppression by converting inhibitory signals into activating ones, and is engineered for autocrine IL-21 secretion to further bolster anti-tumor activity and memory formation. In vitro, ACT cells mediated potent cytotoxicity against IL13Rα2-positive GBM cells (U251MG), and secreted significant levels of IFN-γ. Compared to conventional second-generation CAR-T cells, ACT exhibited superior ex vivo expansion potential and indications of enhanced persistence, alongside reduced baseline activation. Critically, in an orthotopic U251MG GBM mouse model, a single intravenous administration of ACT resulted in significant tumor growth control and a statistically significant extension of overall survival (p=0.042). Biodistribution studies confirmed successful trafficking of ACT cells across the blood-brain barrier and persistence within the brain tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, stable co-expression of the CAR and switch receptor transgenes was maintained after long-term cryopreservation.
Collectively, these findings establish ACT as a multi-functional, advanced CAR-T cell platform with significant preclinical efficacy against glioblastoma. Its ability to address key challenges like TME immunosuppression and T cell persistence, coupled with potent anti-tumor activity via systemic delivery, provides a strong rationale for its continued development and future clinical investigation as a novel therapeutic strategy for GBM patients.