The purpose of this study was to identify the mediating effect of career exploration behavior, moderated by career experience reflection, on the influence of autonomous career motivation on career choice commitment among autonomous major students. To ...
The purpose of this study was to identify the mediating effect of career exploration behavior, moderated by career experience reflection, on the influence of autonomous career motivation on career choice commitment among autonomous major students. To achieve the research purpose, the following specific research objectives were set. First, to identify differences in the level of career choice commitment among autonomous major students according to general characteristics. Second, to identify the direct relationship between autonomous career motivation and career exploration behavior on career choice commitment among autonomous major students, and to identify the direct relationship between autonomous career motivation and career exploration behavior on career goal identification, which is a sub-factor of career choice commitment. Third, it identifies the mediating effect of career exploration behavior on the relationship between autonomous career motivation and career choice commitment among autonomous major students. Fourth, it identifies the mediating effect of career exploration behavior moderated by career experience reflection on the relationship between autonomous career motivation and career choice commitment among autonomous major students.
The population of this study is autonomous major students. Autonomous major students are students who, in accordance with the Ministry of Education's autonomous major selection system, begin their college life without deciding on a major (department) at the time of admission, and then freely choose and decide on their desired major after exploring their career paths under the systematic support provided by the university during their enrollment period. Since the 2024 Education Statistics Yearbook does not provide separate information on universities operating the major self-selection system, we searched for department names to select the relevant universities and reviewed each school's website information and admission guidelines. As a result, we identified a total of 60 universities, estimated the sample size to be 20,633, and set the sample size for hypothesis testing to 500.
The final sample used for analysis consisted of 413 responses, excluding insincere responses, from the main survey targeting autonomous major students at three universities in the Seoul metropolitan area and six universities outside the Seoul metropolitan area. Sampling was conducted using convenience sampling and quota sampling, reflecting the ratio of region, type, gender, and grade within the population. The survey tool consisted of 58 questions, including autonomous career motivation, career exploration behavior, career experience reflection, which are predictive variables of career choice commitment of autonomous major students, and general characteristics of respondents. All research variables were measured using survey tools whose reliability and validity had been verified in previous studies, and all variables except for general characteristics were composed of a 5-point Likert scale. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 29.0 and Process Macro to perform descriptive statistics, difference verification (t-test, ANOVA), correlation analysis, hierarchical regression analysis, mediation, and moderated mediation effect analysis, with a statistical significance level set at .05.
The main research results according to the research objectives are as follows. First, when we checked the differences in career choice commitment based on the general characteristics of autonomous major students, we found that seniors were more committed than freshmen, and type 1 was more committed than type 2. Also, career choice commitment was significantly higher when the major selection period was flexible rather than fixed, and when there were no restrictions on the number of students selecting a major. The difference in career choice commitment according to the presence or absence of supportive relationships within the university was higher in cases where there were supportive relationships than in cases where there were none. Second, the autonomous career motivation and career exploration behavior of autonomous major students were found to have a significant positive effect on career choice commitment, and autonomous career motivation was also found to have a significant positive effect on career exploration behavior. Meanwhile, autonomous career motivation and career exploration behavior of autonomous major students had a significant positive effect on career choice commitment, a sub-factor of career goal identification. Third, career exploration behavior statically mediated the relationship between autonomous career motivation and career choice commitment among autonomous major students. Fourth, in the relationship between autonomous career motivation and career choice commitment among autonomous major students, career exploration behavior was found to have a mediating effect that was negatively moderated by career experience reflection, which was different from the hypothesis that it would have a positive moderating effect.
The conclusions based on the research results are as follows. First, the career choice commitment of autonomous major students showed significant differences depending on general characteristics such as grade, type, flexibility in choosing a major, whether there were restrictions on the number of students choosing a major, and the presence or absence of support relationships within the university. However, no significant differences were observed based on the level of participation in student-designed majors, which was interpreted as the system not yet being established, resulting in limited effects. Similarly, no significant differences were observed based on subjective household income levels, which was interpreted as institutional factors such as expanded government economic support weakening the influence of variables. Meanwhile, among students who reported having supportive relationships within the university, these relationships were primarily formed with seniors, juniors, and peers (78.2%) and academic advisors (50.7%).
Second, the results of analyzing the influence of autonomous career motivation and career exploration behavior on career choice commitment showed that both variables had a significant positive effect, and that autonomous career motivation also had a positive effect on career exploration behavior. This means that the more autonomous major students recognize the joy and value of their future careers, the more active they become in career exploration activities and the more committed they become to their career choices. In particular, autonomous career motivation was found to have a relatively greater influence on career goal identification, which is a key sub-factor of career choice commitment, than career exploration behavior.
Third, the autonomous career motivation of autonomous major students was found to have a significant positive effect on career choice commitment through career exploration behavior, and partial mediation was confirmed. This means that the more autonomous major students recognize the enjoyment and value of their future careers, the more actively they search for career-related information, which leads to career choice and commitment. On the other hand, the indirect effect of career exploration behavior was statistically significant, but its magnitude was limited compared to the direct effect, indicating that autonomous career motivation has a relatively greater influence on career choice commitment.
Fourth, the mediating effect of career exploration behavior on the relationship between autonomous career motivation and career choice commitment was found to be negatively moderated by career experience reflection. On the other hand, career experience reflection had a direct positive effect on career choice commitment. According to the results of one-on-one in-depth interviews conducted to interpret the results, students in autonomous majors responded that career experience reflection may have a negative effect due to the burden and anxiety of choosing a career at the moment, but the process of reflection is essential for making a confident career choice in the future. Therefore, although the moderating effect of career experience reflection may delay career choice commitment in the short term, it also has the potential to lead to deeper commitment in the long term, so educational interventions that take these two sides into account are necessary.
Based on the conclusions, the following recommendations are made for utilizing the research results. First, systematic and continuous career design support is needed to increase career choice commitment, reflecting the characteristics of autonomous major students, who have a wide range of career choices and emphasize autonomy. Second, it is necessary to pay attention to the general characteristics that affect the level of career choice commitment. In particular, about 33% of students responded that they did not have a supportive relationship within the university, so institutional improvements are needed to foster a sense of belonging. Third, autonomous career motivation is the most important variable affecting career choice commitment, so educational support is needed to promote autonomous career motivation. Fourth, considering the possibility that autonomous major students' career experience reflection may hinder career choice commitment, appropriate educational intervention is required.
The following are recommendations for follow-up research. First, qualitative research or mixed research is necessary to explore the career choice process in depth, which cannot be fully revealed by quantitative research alone. Second, customized educational support that reflects the specificity of the system is necessary through multi-group path analysis comparing the relationship between variables that affect career choice commitment between autonomous major students and general university students. Third, to compensate for the limitations of parameter estimation, it is necessary to secure official statistical data that classifies autonomous majors as independent codes to strengthen the representativeness of the sample. Fourth, it is necessary to confirm the reason why the average value of career exploration behavior is lower than other variables, and if necessary, the suitability of the survey tool needs to be further reviewed. Fifth, since the moderating effect of career experience reflection may be a short-term phenomenon due to time constraints during enrollment, it is necessary to review the results from a long-term perspective through time series research. In addition, for detailed support, it is necessary to design and apply customized career support strategies for each grade level, taking into account the characteristics of academic experience and career tasks, by analyzing the moderation patterns for each grade level.