COVID-19 revealed the limitations of South Korea’s healthcare system, brought the importance of public health care to the forefront, and amplified social demands for strengthening its public nature. However, after the Yoon Suk-yeol administration de...
COVID-19 revealed the limitations of South Korea’s healthcare system, brought the importance of public health care to the forefront, and amplified social demands for strengthening its public nature. However, after the Yoon Suk-yeol administration declared the end of the pandemic, serious public debate about the future of public health care in Korean society seems to have subsided. Public healthcare institutions continue to be worsening management, while healthcare workers have left the field amid the government’s unilateral expansion of medical school quotas—with many yet to return. While responsibility for the lack of sustained engagement with the public nature of healthcare in post-pandemic Korean society lies primarily with government authorities and the medical profession, it is also necessary to reflect on whether media institutions—responsible for producing, distributing, and sharing social knowledge—properly fulfilled their roles. Lacking prior empirical research on this topic, this study analyzes domestic news articles and seeks to understand trends and implications in media coverage of public health care after COVID-19.
This study empirically analyzes texts from major daily newspapers in South Korea reporting on public health care during the COVID-19 pandemic, from January 2020 to February 2025. Using Structural Topic Modeling (STM) and word network analysis, it identifies and tracks key topics and their changes over time in press coverage of public health care throughout the pandemic.
The analysis covers 6,270 articles containing eight keywords—‘public health’, ‘public medical’, ‘essential medical care’, ‘medical privatization’, ‘health inequality’, ‘medically underserved areas’, ‘health disparity’, and ‘COVID-19’—published in 17 national and regional dailies affiliated with Naver News. Main texts were pre-processed via morphological analysis, stopwords removal, and synonym normalization to construct the STM corpus. STM included metadata such as publication date, newspaper political orientation (conservative-progressive), and region (national-regional) as covariates to quantitatively estimate topical shifts and group differences.
Results show that Korea’s public health care discourse during the pandemic sorted into 10 major topics, including controversies over medical school quota expansions and new public medical schools, hospital bed shortages and critical care, addressing public healthcare imbalances by establishing regional medical centers, vaccination and masks, emergency care and essential workforce shortages, and health inequalities and social health. Time series analysis revealed that coverage initially focused on infection control and epidemic response, then gradually expanded to structural issues such as public healthcare expansion and health inequality.
Conservative newspapers concentrated on political issues such as quarantine policy and medical school quota disputes, while progressive papers focused on health inequality, labor issues, and expanding public health care—emphasizing social responsibility and equity. National papers paid more attention to central government policy and institutional reforms, while regional papers highlighted workforce shortages, the establishment of local medical centers, and other locally relevant issues.
This study empirically examined how the media constructed the frames and discourse around public health care during the large-scale COVID-19 pandemic crisis by analyzing news report texts. It highlights the necessity for the government to adopt strategic communication that considers media reporting trends and the structure of social discourse when responding to future public health crises and formulating public health policies. Furthermore, the findings underscore that media outlets covering infectious diseases should go beyond crisis reporting to contribute to strengthening South Korea’s public health care system, grounded in an understanding of publicness.