South Korea has already become a super-aged society, with the pace of aging accelerating rapidly as a result of industrialization, urbanization, and economic growth. However, this demographic transition has unfolded without adequate social preparation...
South Korea has already become a super-aged society, with the pace of aging accelerating rapidly as a result of industrialization, urbanization, and economic growth. However, this demographic transition has unfolded without adequate social preparation, exacerbating critical issues such as poverty, depression, suicide, and the risk of solitary death among older adults. This study highlights that although South Korean society has achieved substantial accumulation in economic, cultural, and human capital, the dimension of social capital has been relatively neglected. In particular, older adults in urban spaces are increasingly regarded as unproductive, and their social status is declining, thereby structurally limiting opportunities for building social capital. For older adults who have stepped back from economic activity and no longer participate in the rapid rhythms of urban daily life, social relationships become a key resource for maintaining their identity as social beings. As such, the importance and urgency of social capital as a foundation for sustaining dignity and meaning in later life must be revisited.
According to Lin (2001), individuals seek access to others’ resources within their networks to compensate for their own deficiencies and constraints. However, this study emphasizes that such access is not merely a function of interpersonal ties but is also deeply shaped by structural conditions—namely, “place” and “mobility.” Older adults must be recognized not as passive welfare recipients, but as active agents who move through cities, choose social places, and construct social capital. Based on this perspective, the study theorizes the process of social capital formation among urban older adults as an integrated mechanism involving social places, mobility capital, and the interaction between individual and regional contexts. Furthermore, it examines the issue of solitary death among older adults-an outcome that often arises when social networks collapse and routine care and oversight are absent—by linking this phenomenon to the use of social places. It ultimately proposes a relational transformation in urban planning to mitigate the risks of social isolation and fear of dying alone.
Grounded in this problem awareness and research aim, the study employs a mixed-methods approach to answer four key research questions.
First, to investigate “What spatial patterns characterize urban older adults’ mobility to regular daytime stay locations, and how do these differ by gender and age?”, the study conducted a quantitative spatial analysis using mobile telecommunications big data and the SUR-SLM(Spatial Lag Model within Seemingly Unrelated Regression). The results showed that old-old men (75+) had the longest travel distances and widest activity radii, forming large-scale hotspots concentrated in specific areas, while old-old women formed smaller-scale hotspots dispersed across multiple locations. Young-old men (65-74) exhibited broad mobility centered around business districts, whereas young-old women displayed wide-ranging movement concentrated near residential neighborhoods. These mobility patterns extended beyond Seoul into the outer metropolitan region. Major destinations included public facilities, religious and cultural institutions, commercial spaces, outdoor areas, and transportation infrastructure. Differences were observed in the locations of regular visits and stays according to gender and age, suggesting the potential of these sites to function as social places.
Second, to explore “How are urban older adults’ mobility capital and the use of social places connected to the formation of social capital?”, the study conducted grounded theory analysis using in-depth interviews and participant observation. The analysis identified the motivations behind older adults’ use of social places and the key characteristics of those places. It further classified social places by the types of network structures they facilitate, and outlined the core forms of social capital embedded within each structure. The use of social places by older adults was categorized into four types according to network structure: loose solidarity, open and autonomous, institutional, and tight-knit. Each type functions as a relational space that facilitates different forms of networks—ranging from weak bonding, weak bridging, and hybrid bridging-linking to strong bonding networks. The usage patterns of these place types were closely tied to core dimensions of mobility capability. The interaction between the structural configuration of networks formed through place use and the strength of relationships affected the function and effect of social capital. These processes served as the foundation for acquiring four types of social capital: basic bonding capital, expansive stimulating capital, institutional trust capital, and care-based bonding capital. Through this framework, the study extends Lin’s (2001) theory of social capital formation by incorporating older adults’ spatial practices and the structural characteristics of social networks into an expanded conceptual model.
Third, to address “What individual and regional conditions and inequalities influence the use of different types of social places?”, the study applied a multilevel logistic regression model. The results indicated that places facilitating bonding networks were predominantly used by older adults with limited personal resources and capabilities. In particular, tight-knit places were utilized by old-old women with low levels of cultural capital, insecure residential conditions, and weak mobility capability—typically in areas with long-term residence and a high level of facility provision. Loose-solidarity places were more commonly used by older men with weak family-based networks, especially in areas with good transportation access. Open and autonomous places were primarily used by young-old adults with higher cultural capital, stable housing, and strong mobility capability, located in moderately developed, uncongested environments. Institutional places served individuals with relatively high cultural capital in areas with suitably scaled infrastructure. These findings suggest that the choice of social places is not a matter of personal preference alone, but a structural outcome shaped by the interaction between individual-level resources and local environmental factors.
Fourth, to investigate “Are all types of social places equally effective in alleviating older adults’ fear of solitary death?”, the study employed propensity score matching and path analysis. The results showed that the use of places facilitating strong bonding networks, as well as linking networks, was significantly associated with a reduced fear of solitary death. In contrast, weak-tie-based places had no significant effect, and in some cases, weak bonding structures even appeared to exacerbate such fear. These findings suggest that, to reduce relational vulnerability, it is more effective to foster dense, repeated, and meaningful interactions than to expand superficial or weakly connected networks.
Building on the above analysis, this study presents a conceptual model explaining how urban older adults utilize social places and form social capital. Access to specific social places is unevenly distributed among all individuals. Rather, it is shaped by a complex interplay of factors, including residential environments, mobility capabilities, and preferences for particular places and network structures—preferences shaped by individual characteristics, cultural capital, and housing stability, among others. These structural differences can lead to unequal opportunities for social capital formation. Social places are not merely physical settings where people gather, but socially constructed fields where structural characteristics, norms and modes of operation, functions, user tendencies, and the nature of relationship-building are embedded and accumulated. These features actively facilitate the formation of specific network structures within each place. Users, in turn, gain the foundation to access and mobilize social capital through their participation in these structures.
The formation of social capital through the use of social places differs depending on the interaction between network configurations and the strength of relationships. For older adults in particular, social capital plays an especially crucial role as a resource grounded in emotional and social stability—supporting daily continuity, identity preservation, social connectedness, institutional protection and care, and responses to life risks. These network structures and the resulting forms of social capital serve as key resources that exert wide-ranging impacts on older adults’ lives. In this study, the analysis focused on the effects of these dynamics on the fear of solitary death. Ultimately, these processes illustrate how social capital is materialized through social places within the urban environment.
Based on this, three policy implications are proposed. First, improvements in mobility—particularly in terms of transportation infrastructure and spatial accessibility to social places—must be recognized as essential conditions for enhancing older adults’ practical accessibility and supporting the formation of social capital. Second, as each type of social place facilitates a different network structure, policy interventions must be tailored to the potential deficits associated with each network type. Third, urban public spaces should not be designed merely as tools for beautification or economic development, but rather as infrastructure that promotes social capital and social protection. Provision strategies should take into account variations in network preferences shaped by individual capabilities and available resources, and be differentiated according to social place type. Furthermore, the planning and allocation of social places should move beyond a resident-centered approach to incorporate mobility-based activity areas. Ultimately, an inclusive and expansive shift is needed—from viewing older adults as passive recipients to recognizing them as active agents and co-producers of policy.