This study aims to provide a sociological explanation for the failure to expand public hospitals in South Korea, a policy goal that has been consistently pursued for over 20 years. There has been little academic research on this topic. There are only ...
This study aims to provide a sociological explanation for the failure to expand public hospitals in South Korea, a policy goal that has been consistently pursued for over 20 years. There has been little academic research on this topic. There are only commentaries that, based on the normative premise that expanding public hospitals is desirable, criticize either the government's lack of political will or institutional constraints such as the preliminary feasibility study.
From a sociological perspective, policy is understood as “the outcome of a set of relationships, practices, and representations that contribute to creating politically legitimized modes of regulating social relations.” This perspective considers all actors—not just the government—as policy subjects.. (Lay) people are therefore seen not merely as beneficiaries but as active agents of policy. This study seeks to identify, from people’s perspectives, the fundamental mechanisms underlying the failure of the public hospital expansion policy.
To this end, this study utilizes Archer's morphogenetic approach and reflexivity as primary theoretical resources. The morphogenetic approach provides an analytical framework that explains social outcomes as products of interaction among the irreducible properties and powers of structure, culture, and agency. Reflexivity refers to “the mental ability shared by all normal people to engage in the regular exercise of considering themselves in relation to their social contexts, or vice versa.” Applied to the public hospital expansion policy, the policy can be interpreted as a process in which people, as agents, interact with structure and culture through reflexivity, thereby revealing the social mechanisms underlying policy failure.
Data were collected through qualitative interviews and field observations. Interviews were conducted both formally and informally with 38 individuals—including civil society activists, public hospital officials, local politicians, and laypersons—from 14 regions across the country. Field observations involved examining people’s everyday experiences and practices related to healthcare utilization by participating in public hospital-related events and visiting regional medical centers.
The interview data were analyzed using a realist thematic analysis based on the stratified ontology of critical realism(empirical, actual, real levels). The analysis also adopted a people’s perspective approach. Field observation data were used to supplement the interpretation of interview data.
The following is a summary of the main findings according to specific research questions.
First, what circumstances led to the emergence of public hospital expansion movements, and how did people’s demands emerge and change? Public hospital expansion movements emerged through three catalysts: medical service gaps resulting from private hospital closures in local areas; policy decisions to establish public hospitals following persistent civil society demands for reopening Jinju Medical Center; and increased awareness of the need for public hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, such movements did not emerge nationwide. Even in regions where the public hospital expansion movement did appear, people’s demands typically weakened after their initial emergence. Their engagement was largely limited to one-time participation, such as signing a petition and they rarely considered public hospitals as facilities they would personally use.
Second, what differences exist between the way the state and civil society problematize the expansion of public hospitals and how people recognize problems based on their local healthcare utilization experiences? Moreover, how do people reflect on public hospitals? The way the state and civil society problematize public hospitals differed from the problems people experienced in reality when utilizing local healthcare. The state mainly pointed out problems at a national level-for example the low proportion of public hospitals based on international comparisons with OECD countries and the failure to ensure that local communities can access a complete set of essential healthcare service. Civil society presented problems within specific regional contexts, such as regional healthcare disparities and relative deprivation, or regional healthcare system collapse, explaining that public hospital establishment could resolve these regional issues. In contrast, people recognized problems primarily through their personal experiences of local healthcare utilization. They identified problems including difficulties with emergency and after-hours care, distrust in local healthcare quality, long waiting times and unfriendly medical staff at university hospitals, commercialized healthcare, and insufficient essential medical specialties. Based on these issues, people reflected negatively on the current roles of public hospitals while expecting future public hospitals to resolve healthcare problems in ways that bring them tangible personal benefits.
Third, what are the underlying mechanisms that influence how people frame and reflect on public hospitals? An analysis based on the stratified ontology of critical realism revealed four elements at the actual level that hinder people from recognizing the absence of public hospitals as a social problem: inaccurate common knowledge and social ignorance regarding public hospitals; a technology-centered view of healthcare; distrust in local healthcare due to the perceived superiority of Seoul-based hospitals; and the framing of issues related to local healthcare utilization in moral and ethical terms. At the real level, four mechanisms continuously reproduced the marketized healthcare system: the creation and expansion of the healthcare market through the national health insurance service, the concentration of medical resources in the Seoul capital area driven by the spending structure of the national health insurance service, a centralized healthcare policy decision-making structure, and social norms centered on growth and efficiency. These mechanisms led people to reflect on solutions to healthcare problems and the need for public hospitals mainly in terms of their personal interests within the marketized healthcare system. Consequently, people have not problematized public hospital absence.
Taken together, current public demands for public hospital expansion can be interpreted as de-publicization, manifested in three ways. First, people were indifferent to whether a hospital was public or private, as long as it could solve their immediate healthcare needs. Second, people wanted public hospitals to provide high-level medical services not locally available, reflecting their desire as consumers to access better healthcare commodities within their region. Third, people viewed public hospitals as a tool for regional development,such as inflowing or retaining the population, and stimulating the local economy through job creation.
The de-publicization of demands for public hospital expansion suggests limitations in the transformative potential of civil society-led movements to address local healthcare problems. In this context, the current movements should be viewed less as a social movement capable of substantial change, more as a symbolic political initiative and more as a symbolic political initiative aimed at raising awareness and political solidarity. For the public hospital expansion movement to transform the social order, its goal should extend beyond merely establishing hospitals to include dismantling the various relationships constituting the marketized healthcare system. In the short term, this requires pursuing alternatives that can rapidly alleviate the problems and suffering people experience in local healthcare utilization. In the long term, it necessitates partially dismantling the marketized relationships that extend throughout the broader socioeconomic system beyond the healthcare sector.