This study closely examines the life and thought of Kim Mal-bong through the lens of Christianity, in order to explore the modes and meanings of community representation in her literature as a literary practice of Christian theology. The ideal communi...
This study closely examines the life and thought of Kim Mal-bong through the lens of Christianity, in order to explore the modes and meanings of community representation in her literature as a literary practice of Christian theology. The ideal communities depicted in her works are grounded in reflections on friendship and hospitality, and they embody an ideological orientation that seeks to overturn hierarchical and discriminatory social systems through Christian values—beyond the realm of personal faith. Although her political positions and actions fluctuated over time, what remained unchanged was her commitment to a Christian identity and her consistent effort to seek solutions to social issues within Christian theology. Accordingly, this study analyzes the specific contexts and processes in which Christian theology was formed and transformed throughout Kim Mal-bong’s life. By reconstructing her biography within the framework of her relationship to Christianity, it aims to clarify the religious orientation and theological foundation of the writer. Through this approach, the study endeavors to provide a coherent and comprehensive account of Kim Mal-bong’s life and literature.
This study also seeks to offer a comprehensive view of Kim Mal-bong’s ideological orientation and narrative structure by revealing that the narrative devices often cited as evidence of the popular nature of her works—such as the clear conflict between good and evil, the accumulation of coincidental events, and the restoration of morality—are grounded in biblical narratives. Kim Mal-bong regarded the Bible as a ‘story’, and the narrative structure and techniques of the Bible were reflected throughout her literary creation. Her ideal of a communal society based on equality and love was concretized through the narrative strategies drawn from the Bible. By analyzing the narrative structures and thematic consciousness of her major works published from the 1930s to the 1950s from the perspective of biblical narrative technique, this study examines how ethical practices aimed at realizing a Christian community are represented and what they signify. Kim conveys her themes through overlapping plots, each of which presents distinct patterns of conflict among characters. Furthermore, the development of events follows the biblical sequence of ‘transgression–fall–repentance–restoration’, through which her ‘love stories’ come to embody the solidarity of free and equal individuals.
Section 1 of Chapter 2 examines the Christian foundations of Kim Mal-bong’s thought as shaped by her experiences in the youth movement of the 1920s and her study abroad in Japan. The youth organizations centered around churches in the Busan area during the 1920s embraced a broad spectrum of socialist ideologies, and Kim Mal-bong maintained close ties with members of women’s youth groups formed primarily by graduates and teachers of Jeongsin Girls' School and Ilshin Girls' School. In addition, the reception of Christian Socialism and the development of Christian Cooperative Movements in the 1920s and 1930s illuminate the context in which Kim sought practical expressions of Christian thought in tension with socialist ideas. Within this process, her enrollment at Doshisha University in Japan in 1924 played a significant role in shaping her integration of religious values with political practice. Central to this were her activities in the Korean Student Association, her intellectual mentorship under Yanagi Muneyoshi, and the influence of Kagawa Toyohiko.
Sections 2 and 3 focus on Jungle and Wild Rose, respectively, analyzing how overlapping romantic triangles transform the meaning of ‘love’ into a form of Christian love grounded in horizontal and non-exchangeable relationships. The values of friendship and cooperation are realized as forms of resistance and communal alternatives against colonial capitalism and patriarchal order. The romantic triangles in these works are layered in a way that reflects the biblical narrative pattern of crisis and resolution, ultimately leading to the ‘restoration of human community’. Section 2 analyzes Jungle, which constructs a recurring narrative of victory and defeat through the love conflicts among diverse characters, moving toward an ultimate ‘good’ grounded in communal values and ethical ideals. Section 3 demonstrates how Wild Rose unfolds multiple layers of love stories within the house of Jo Man-ho—a space where capitalism and patriarchy are tightly interwoven—and shows how, through the narrative arc of An Jeong-sun's movement beyond the confines of that space, the notion of love is expanded into the practice of friendship, pointing to the possibility of a community capable of resisting oppression and discrimination.
Section 1 of Chapter 3 discusses the background behind Kim Mal-bong’s reemergence into active public life in religious and political spheres following a prolonged silence and a disciplinary incident within the church. Previous studies on her post-liberation activities have primarily focused on her involvement in the Anti-Prostitution Alliance, and more recently, her role as ‘Head of the Women’s Department’ in the anarchist party, the Independent Peasants’ Party, has also received attention. In contrast, her public activities within the church have often been marginalized or dismissed as apolitical, thereby diminishing their significance. This study contends that Kim Mal-bong’s engagement with issues of women’s ecclesiastical rights, her close connections with liberal theologians, and her participation in the Brothers for Revival Korea go beyond mere personal piety as a devout believer. Her encounters with Song Chang-geun, a Pauline theologian, and Yu Jae-gi, a Christian socialist, led her to envision a way of practicing divine love through individual freedom—particularly by realizing a redemptive vision of grace through communities that address social injustice and inequality. This orientation is grounded in fraternity based on equality and love, and seeks to translate that love into concrete action and transformation within society. As a result, in Kim Mal-bong’s post-liberation works, religious salvation is depicted not as a matter of individual faith, but as something made possible through communities of ‘strangers’ pushed outside institutional and social systems.
Section 2 analyzes Cain’s Market, focusing on the limitations of legislative efforts related to the abolition of state-regulated prostitution, and on the depiction of a neighborly community that embodies Christian love in its truest sense. The work raises critical questions about ‘Ordinance No. 70’, highlighting its ineffectiveness in bringing real change to the lives of women in prostitution, as well as expressing anxieties and alternative visions regarding the legal abolition of the licensed prostitution system. The portrayal of a community formed by mothers, daughters, and sisters who rescue the outcast character Chae-ok from the margins of legal and social norms illustrates how Cain’s Market envisions religious salvation not as a private matter of faith, but as a practice directed toward others. Section 3 examines Flower and Snake, analyzing how biblical motifs, when fused with folktale elements, give rise to communities that exist in tension with institutional norms and conventional morality. While in Cain’s Market, Oh Chae-ok is saved through the hospitality of others who willingly embrace her as a ‘neighbor’, Flower and Snake takes a further step by transforming the very notion of ‘home’ into a space inhabited by outsiders. This shift invites a critical reflection on the ‘right to hospitality’ and the ‘ethics of hospitality’ themselves. The work represents alternative ways of existence that transcend the state, legal systems, and patriarchal moral norms—spaces in which such lives can remain unnamed and yet fully present.
Chapter 4 traces Kim Mal-bong’s public activities following the Korean War, examining how her perception of the state and law evolved and how the Christian value of love is challenged in a world so unjust that moral order can only be restored through state power, represented as ‘justice’. Section 1 explores her return to the literary scene in Busan during wartime through active engagement with fellow writers and her deepening connection with younger Christian intellectuals. Through these interactions, she came to resonate strongly with Reinhold Niebuhr’s Christian realism. During this period, Kim recognized state power as a pragmatic mechanism for restraining evil and came to interpret war as a form of violence necessary to defend democratic order. She published a series of short stories with propagandistic qualities, idealizing the front lines and advocating moral discipline on the home front. However, in several works, she also reveals a critical stance toward the inevitable violence of war, reflecting her enduring concern with the tension between personal freedom and institutional or normative violence. This suggests the need for a more multidimensional approach to her wartime literature.
Sections 2 and 3 analyze Family of the Sun and Homeland of Stars, in which Christian love is depicted as being fused with patriotic ideals, while selfishness—embodied in luxury, waste, and unchecked desire on the home front—as well as communism and unrepentant individuals are portrayed as subjects of divine punishment. Both works superimpose ideological conflict onto interpersonal relationships to generate narrative tension and pathos, emotionally legitimizing national order. At the same time, however, they also portray characters who do not fully conform to the overarching theme of state approval, through whom the ethics of love—expressed as friendship and compassion distinct from social morality—emerges as an alternative mode of ethical engagement.