Problem based learning(PBL) is one of the representative instructional approaches grounded in constructivist teaching and learning practices. It involves learners acquiring knowledge and skills through individual and collaborative exploration and reso...
Problem based learning(PBL) is one of the representative instructional approaches grounded in constructivist teaching and learning practices. It involves learners acquiring knowledge and skills through individual and collaborative exploration and resolution of authentic, ill-structured problems. PBL has been widely adopted in educational settings due to its effectiveness in not only facilitating knowledge acquisition but also enhancing higher-order cognitive skills such as problem-solving abilities, critical thinking, and cooperative learning skills. Especially in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and digital transformation, attempts have been made to integrate PBL with various technological tools.
Meanwhile, virtual world metaverses offer educational environments that overcome the physical constraints of traditional classrooms by providing immersive and realistic experiences that are difficult to implement in reality. Virtual world metaverse learning environments, utilizing objects and avatars, support diverse interactions suitable for inquiry-based learning, PBL, and cooperative learning. Previous studies reported that such environments significantly improve learner interest, motivation, interaction, immersion, and presence. Despite these educational benefits, there are challenges that the environments can trigger cognitive overload, the elements of entertainment and freedom can both facilitate and hinder learning, and the effective use of such environments requires a certain level of edtech competency from both teachers and learners.
Consequently, there is a need for systematic research into the design of metaverse based learning environments, particularly exploring design principles for virtual world metaverse supported PBL to facilitate authentic learning experiences within limited classroom contexts.
Focusing on this necessity, this study aimed to develop and validate instructional design principles for effective PBL in virtual world metaverse environments as expanded classroom spaces. Two research questions guided the study: firstly, identifying the design elements and principles for virtual world metaverse supported PBL environments; secondly, verifying the validity of these design principles based on feedback from experts, metaverse designers, teachers, and learners.
This study adopted a design and development research methodology, clearly separating the stages of developing and validating design principles. Initially, literature reviews, relevant case analyses, and needs assessments involving teachers with metaverse usage experiences were conducted to derive design elements and implications, leading to the creation of initial design principles including design elements, general principles, and detailed guidelines. Subsequently, the validation process involved expert reviews, usability evaluations by designers and teachers, and field evaluations. Six experts(educational experts, metaverse design experts, and teachers) participated in three rounds of expert validation, while four designers and teacher designers participated in usability evaluations. Field evaluation was conducted with one elementary English teacher and 15 student participants. To examine the effects of class applying the proposed design principles, pre-tests and post-tests were conducted focusing on learners’ English achievement (cognitive domain), interest in and confidence in English (affective domain), and various learning outcomes of PBL, including self-directed learning, information processing, problem-solving, critical thinking, acceptance of opinions, communication, and integrative ability. In addition, learners’ assignments were analyzed, and supplementary interviews were conducted to enhance the validity of the findings.
Based on the results of the study, the learning environment was implemented using the developed design principles and subsequently evaluated in the field. Learners who participated in PBL within the virtual world metaverse environment demonstrated statistically significant improvements in all measured areas(excluding English achievement, problem-solving, and acceptance of opinions), including interest and confidence in English, self-directed learning, information processing, critical thinking, communication, and integrative ability. Furthermore, interviews with the teacher and learners confirmed that they held positive perceptions of the metaverse based PBL experience and regarded it as a meaningful learning experience.
The final design principles consisted of 6 design elements, 15 design principles, and 42 detailed guidelines. The 6 design elements were identified as ‘Problem-solving-centered metaverse space design’, ‘Support for resource provision and exploration ’, ‘Support for self-directed and collaborative learning activities’, ‘Functional design to facilitate problem-solving’, ‘Support for improving problem-solving learning outcomes’, and ‘Design of safe and ethical environments for PBL’. Additionally, the 15 design principles included principles such as 1) Principle of authentic context reflection, 2) Principle of functional space structuring, 3) Principle of intuitive space design, 4) Principle of learner autonomy enhancement, 5) Principle of context-based resource provision, 6) Principle of resource accessibility, 7) Principle of supporting self-directed inquiry, 8) Principle of enhancing multimodal interactions, 9) Principle of immediate learning support, 10) Principle of supporting problem-solving and environmental adaptation, 11) Principle of facilitating the problem-solving process, 12) Principle of promoting problem-solving thinking, 13) Principle of facilitating solution sharing, 14) Principle of ensuring PBL safety, and 15) Principle of establishing an ethical learning environment. Detailed guidelines were provided for each principle.
Based on these findings, this study discussed the theoretical and practical implications concerning the effectiveness of the developed principles, their constituent principles, the strategies for practical implementation, and the development process. This study holds significance in that it developed a structured set of design principles for PBL within a virtual world metaverse environment and examined their validity and educational effectiveness. Through this, the study aimed to reinforce the theoretical foundation of virtual learning environments and suggest practical design guidelines that can be applied in real educational contexts.
Future research should focus on implementing more sophisticated virtual world metaverse environmentsand validating the effectiveness of the design principles across diverse learner groups through larger-scale experimental studies. This approach will help clearly identify factors affecting the learning environment. Moreover, it is essential to explore instructional models optimized for the design principles derived from this study and investigate their applicability not only in face-to-face classes but also in online learning settings.