As a response to the limitations of representative democracy and to promote diversity in democratic practices, citizen participation has recently gained greater importance. The field of public administration has accordingly expanded its research into ...
As a response to the limitations of representative democracy and to promote diversity in democratic practices, citizen participation has recently gained greater importance. The field of public administration has accordingly expanded its research into the conditions and strategies for enhancing political participation, especially examining the relationship between political efficacy and civil participation.
However, research on the political participation of persons with intellectual disabilities and/or autism spectrum remains limited. Most existing studies focus narrowly on voting experiences, failing to address broader forms of political participation.
Unlike persons with physical disabilities, for whom physical accessibility is a key issue, individuals with intellectual disabilities face more systemic barriers to political participation. Everyday experiences of limited self-decision tend to diminish their political motivation. Therefore, creating accessible environments and connecting them with the society require supports from supporting people in various aspects.
This study explore the factors influencing the political efficacy of persons with intellectual disabilities, since they are rarely counted as meaningful political actor due to deeply rooted discrimination against intellectual disability in the society.
The research is based on the grounded theory and it focuses on members and supporting people(non-disabled staff) of the People First Korea, a self-advocacy organization led by persons with intellectual disabilities. People First Korea members have engaged in both conventional political participations (e.g., voting, meeting with public officials) and non-conventional forms (e.g., issuing statements, press conferences, protests), making it an ideal group for observing the transformation in political efficacy and participation.
The findings show that due to societal discrimination, persons with intellectual disabilities had extremely low self-esteem and political efficacy. At first, most of the research participants joined People First Korea to fill daytime or seek employment. They continued participating because they found it to be a new and engaging space, notably one led by persons with intellectual disabilities themselves—unlike traditional welfare facilities.
Through ongoing engagement, participants gradually came to see themselves as people who deserve respect and equal rights. As they gained confidence and shared experiences with peers, their identity as persons with intellectual disabilities shifted—from one of shame and personal deficiency to one rooted in collective oppression and injustice. This shift in perspective (a “lens change”) helped empower them to work alongside non-disabled facilitators in collective efforts to challenge discrimination through political action.
Positive experiences from political engagement enhanced both their internal and external sense of efficacy. Although negative experiences could be strong enough to lead some members to leave the organization entirely, in most cases, they served to further strengthen the motivation for continued participation.
The supporting people played a crucial role in shaping and sustaining the space of People First Korea, helping initiate and guide members through this lens shift, and supporting them in articulating their voices. However, supporting people also faced challenges due to their ambiguous roles, heavy workload, external factors reinforcing hierarchies between disabled and non-disabled people, and skepticism toward the self-advocacy movements led by people with intellectual disabilities.