Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Korea account for the vast majority of all business entities and serve as a central pillar of employment, thereby playing a vital role in the national economy. Nevertheless, they continue to face structural...
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Korea account for the vast majority of all business entities and serve as a central pillar of employment, thereby playing a vital role in the national economy. Nevertheless, they continue to face structural challenges in accessing finance, especially early-stage innovative firms that struggle with information asymmetry and lack of collateral, which limit their ability to secure capital from private financial institutions. In response, the government has provided a range of indirect financing instruments, including credit guarantees and policy-based loans; however, the use of direct financing tools remains relatively limited. To address this issue, the Korea Technology Finance Corporation (KOTEC) launched the Guarantee-Aligned Equity Investment program in 2005, aiming to provide capital to high-potential technology-based SMEs by combining guarantees with direct investment.
This study investigates how KOTEC’s Guarantee-Aligned Equity Investment influences the overall business performance of SMEs. It analyzes both financial outcomes—such as revenue, assets, and profits—and non-financial outcomes, including employment changes and technological outputs. The analysis compares a treatment group of firms that received Guarantee-Aligned Equity Investment from 2014 to 2020 with a control group that received general technology guarantees during the same period, examining the performance trajectories of both groups over time.
The findings show that sales tended to increase following the investment, suggesting that the funding positively contributed to short-term external growth. However, asset expansion showed no significant differences, and profitability indicators such as margins were not improved as expected. Financial stability, measured by indicators like the debt ratio and changes in capital, also deviated from initial expectations, showing increased reliance on external borrowing or slowed capital accumulation during the observation period.
In terms of non-financial performance, employment generally increased, but the trend was not uniform across all firms. Technological performance, by contrast, gradually improved over time, indicating that the investment contributed to intellectual property accumulation and technology development.
Based on these findings, the study offers several policy implications. First, there is a need to shift from indirect finance-centered SME support to expanding direct investment-based policy tools such as Guarantee-Aligned Equity Investment. Second, the program should be further refined to match the specific needs of early-stage and technology-intensive SMEs, including structured investment phases and flexible funding schemes. Third, post-investment performance monitoring and the establishment of bridge programs to facilitate follow-up private investment can enhance the sustainability and scalability of policy outcomes.
However, the study has several limitations. Due to the non-experimental research design, randomized assignment was not feasible. The analysis also did not include long-term performance indicators such as follow-up investment attraction and IPO success rates, nor did it compare results with those of other policy financial institutions such as the Korea Credit Guarantee Fund or private venture capital firms. Future studies should utilize longitudinal panel data and consider alternative estimation methods such as fixed-effects models to conduct more robust causal inference.