Previous research on family policy effects has primarily focused on macro-level indicators such as maternal employment rates, fertility rates, and child poverty rates, while paying relatively limited attention to the micro-level impacts of policies on...
Previous research on family policy effects has primarily focused on macro-level indicators such as maternal employment rates, fertility rates, and child poverty rates, while paying relatively limited attention to the micro-level impacts of policies on parents' daily parenting experiences. Despite the fact that the same amount of childcare time can result in different levels of satisfaction or stress for parents depending on the availability and type of policy support, research examining such moderating effects of policies remains scarce. Family policies, defined as legal, economic, and social support systems provided by governments to enable families to perform their functions, are broadly categorized into service-support policies and cash-support policies. Service-support policies socialize parental care responsibilities by providing public care services such as childcare and educational services, while cash-support policies economically support family-based care through child allowances and parental leave benefits. This study aimed to empirically analyze the impact of policies on parents' daily parenting experiences by utilizing differences in family policies across OECD countries.
Specifically, this study aimed to examine the relationship between childcare time and parental life satisfaction, identify the moderating effects of service-support and cash-support policies on this relationship, and analyze gender differences in policy effects. Childcare time in this study was defined broadly as all activity time spent with children involving possible interactions, encompassing not only direct care activities but also various daily contexts such as shared meals, leisure activities, and travel time that involve parent-child interactions. The analysis was conducted using data from 5,028 married parents with children under 10 years old across 26 OECD countries, combining individual-level data from the Korean Time Use Survey (KTUS), American Time Use Survey (ATUS), Canadian General Social Survey (GSS), and European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) with country-level family policy expenditure data from the OECD Family Database. A multilevel modeling approach was employed to reflect the hierarchical data structure where individuals are nested within countries, with weights applied to adjust for differences in sample sizes across countries.
The main findings are as follows. First, childcare time showed a statistically significant positive relationship with parental life satisfaction. Parents who spent more time to childcare had higher life satisfaction, indicating that childcare provides meaning and fulfillment to parents. Second, service-support and cash-support policies showed opposite moderating effects on the relationship between childcare time and life satisfaction. Service-support policies demonstrated a buffering effect, where the impact of increased direct care time on life satisfaction was relatively weaker in countries with well-developed public childcare and educational services. This is interpreted as service-support policies providing parents with parenting options and reducing care burden. Conversely, cash-support policies showed an amplifying moderating effect on the relationship between childcare time and life satisfaction. In countries with sufficient cash support, the positive effect on life satisfaction was greater when parents spent more time to with their child, analyzed as operating through mechanisms where cash-support policies recognize the economic value of care activities and compensate for opportunity costs. Third, the moderating effects of family policies varied by gender. While the moderating effect of service-support policies appeared consistently regardless of gender, the moderating effect of cash-support policies was primarily observed among men. For men, significant improvements in life satisfaction with increased childcare time were observed in cash-support policy environments, while this effect was barely apparent for women. This suggests that cash-support policies act as strong incentives for men's care participation but have limited additional effects for women for whom care is already routine.
This study demonstrated that service-support and cash-support policies are in a complementary relationship, suggesting the need for a comprehensive choice support system that appropriately combines both policies. In particular, it indicated that promoting men's care participation through cash-support policies could contribute to creating a more gender-equal care culture.