From 2020 to 2023, the world experienced an infectious disease crisis with the COVID-19 virus pandemic. Many countries implemented social distancing policies to prevent spread of the epidemic and control the number of cases to a level so that healthca...
From 2020 to 2023, the world experienced an infectious disease crisis with the COVID-19 virus pandemic. Many countries implemented social distancing policies to prevent spread of the epidemic and control the number of cases to a level so that healthcare system can endure. South Korea was no exception. The policies were implemented from March 2020 to mid-April 2022, roughly for two years. While it was effective in curbing the spread of the pandemic, side effects were also there. Social distancing is almost the only tool society has at its disposal against an unknown infectious disease for which there is no vaccine and cure. Therefore, it is essential to reflect on implementation of social distancing measures during the COVID-19 pandemic and refine them for the future.
By analyzing media coverage of social distancing, this study aims to understand how Korean society's focus on social distancing policies has changed over time and to suggest policy implications. To do so, 29,739 news articles from five general daily newspapers(Hankyoreh, Kyunghyang Shinmun, Chosun Ilbo, Dong-A Ilbo, and Joong-Ang Ilbo) and three broadcasters(KBS, MBC, and SBS) from February 1, 2020 to April 14, 2022 were analyzed using structural topic modeling.
I analyzed changes of topic and frame proportions over time. Three characteristics emerged as a result. First of all, in the early days of social distancing, there was a lot of coverage featuring changes in daily lives. This shows that the media mainly covered adaptation process to sudden changes in society. Secondly, as time passed, proportion of coverage about controversies around loss compensation for the self-employed increased. This suggests that as social distancing measures were carried on, the media shifted its focus to questions and complaints about effectiveness of government policies. Finally, many articles about movements of the government and controversies around them were produced since the fourth wave of the pandemic. This means that as the pandemic continues in spite of social distancing measures, the media paid attention to the government’s movement and responsibility.
Next, I analyzed whether the topics of coverage differed according to the political tone of the media. Overall, I found that festival/competition-related, controversies around other celebrities, and international diplomacy topics were dominant in conservative media, while social welfare and inequity, infection status, emergency relief funds, and support for micro enterprises were dominant in progressive media. However, topics that have one-sided dominance either to progressive or conservative media varied by period. In particular, the period that has the biggest number of one-sided dominant topics was during the fourth wave, when scale of the spread was the largest at the time despite continued social distancing and the government was held accountable. Conservative newspapers published articles criticizing the government, while progressive newspapers also sent a warning message to the government by reporting on the spread at that time.
Another characteristic is that the topic related to governmental support was more prevalent in progressive media. While media quickly provides accurate information during a public health crisis, it can also promote government policies. My results show that the proportion of these roles can vary depending on the political tone of a media. This difference in media coverage indicates that the amount of information to which people are exposed may also depend on their political stance.
The findings in this research confirm that the media is more than just a conduit of information during a public health crisis; it also keeps eye on the government, criticizes its policies, and helps people shape perceptions of the crisis by selecting and emphasizing specific point of view. In particular, I show that aspects emphasized in the media vary due to its political tone. This indicates that political leaning of individuals may affect their understanding of reality through the media, even for the same event. These findings can be used to better understand roles of media in public health crises and as a basis for effective crisis communication strategies.