This paper investigates the hydroelastic structural response of a membrane-type LNG cargo containment system by applying impact loads obtained from sloshing model tests, considering phase transition and density ratio effects.
The International Maritim...
This paper investigates the hydroelastic structural response of a membrane-type LNG cargo containment system by applying impact loads obtained from sloshing model tests, considering phase transition and density ratio effects.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has recently implemented various regulatory measures to achieve a 100% reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 compared to 2008 levels. Consequently, shipping companies must consider carbon neutrality and zero-carbon fuels in vessel operations while actively complying with regulations on nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), sulfur oxides (SOₓ), and other emissions. As a result, the demand for LNG carriers is steadily increasing, expanding beyond transportation vessels to LNG-fueled ships, bunkering vessels, and Floating Storage and Regasification Units (FSRUs). Additionally, there is a growing interest in ammonia as both cargo and fuel, further driving rapid advancements in technology to enable the transportation of hydrogen. Shipyards and related industries are accelerating efforts to develop these next-generation maritime solutions. In line with this global trend, there is a growing demand for loading efficiency and cost-effective membrane-type cargo containment systems, necessitating continuous research and developments. Consequently, the design of cargo containment systems to mitigate sloshing effects has become a critical issue, requiring innovative engineering solutions to ensure structural integrity and operational safety.
Sloshing phenomena within membrane-type cargo containment systems exhibit significant uncertainty and nonlinearity, making experimental studies more prevalent than numerical simulations. In addition, since model tests using LNG directly have many difficulties in terms of insulation issues, cost, and safety, many studies have mainly conducted air/water model experiments. However, recent studies have yielded significant findings by considering factors such as the liquid-to-gas density ratio and phase transition phenomena occurring at the free surface to more accurately define sloshing loads under realistic conditions. Many experimental studies have enabled the use of mixed gases instead of air, replicating density ratio conditions like actual LNG and natural gas. As a result, these studies have shown a noticeable reduction in maximum sloshing impact loads. Meanwhile, the sloshing experimental study has been recently performed using NOVEC 7000 a colorless, odorless, non-toxic, and non-flammable substance with a boiling point of 34°C to replicate phase transition. Compared to air/water tests, the results showed a reduction in the maximum sloshing impact load and oscillations in descent time, along with a prolonged impact pressure rise time.
This study proposes defining dynamic structural capacity considering phase transition effects and hydroelasticity as a necessary condition for the absolute assessment methodology, overcoming the limitations of conventional relative approach. To achieve this, a sloshing assessment of the membrane-type LNG cargo containment system (Mark-III Flex) was conducted, incorporating hydroelastic effects using sloshing impact results that account for density ratio and phase transition phenomena. To accurately reflect real phenomena inside the tank, a fluid domain simulating LNG was modeled above the cargo containment system, incorporating hydroelastic effects. The sloshing assessment was conducted on the integrated structure of the upper and lower insulation systems and hull. Furthermore, a comparative analysis was performed on the dynamic amplification factors (DAF) and dynamic structural capacities with and without the fluid domain. After that, direct comparison and evaluation of the utilization factor (UF) for each failure mode were conducted under the low and high filling sloshing loads. As a result, both upper and lower structures showed an increase in the UF due to hydroelastic effects, particularly in the shear failure of the lower plywood, the compressive failure of the primary RPUF, and the bending failure mode of the hull. An increase in the DAF was observed in the RPUF and hull, with the effect being more pronounced in the relatively thin upper structures of actual vessels.
Through the sloshing assessment in this study, it was concluded that not only the maximum sloshing impact pressure but also the rise time distribution must be considered simultaneously. The study effectively overcame the limitations of conservative evaluation using conventional air/water test results and confirmed the validity and effectiveness of a more realistic sloshing assessment that incorporates phase transition and hydroelastic effects.