As societal preferences shift towards dignified death rather than futile life-sustaining treatment, the Act on Decisions on Life-Sustaining Treatment was enacted in 2018. However, the majority of patients admitted to intensive care units(ICUs) still r...
As societal preferences shift towards dignified death rather than futile life-sustaining treatment, the Act on Decisions on Life-Sustaining Treatment was enacted in 2018. However, the majority of patients admitted to intensive care units(ICUs) still receive futile life-sustaining treatment. ICU nurses, who provide end-of-life care, experience moral distress. Nevertheless, no comprehensive study has yet been conducted to understand the moral distress experienced by ICU nurses. Therefore, this study aims to gain an in-depth understanding of the moral distress experienced by ICU nurses who provide end-of-life care through individual in-depth interviews. The findings of this study will contribute to developing coping strategies for ICU nurses facing moral distress and preventing burnout associated with moral distress.
This study was conducted with 12 ICU nurses who had worked for more than six months in an ICU of a tertiary hospital in Seoul and had experience in caring for end-of-life patients. After obtaining approval from the hospital's Institutional Review Board(IRB), individual in-depth interviews were conducted between March 2024 and May 2024 using a semi-structured questionnaire. Each interview lasted approximately 40 to 60 minutes and was conducted at a prearranged location with the participant. The interviews were audio-recorded with the participant’s consent and transcribed verbatim by the researcher.
Using thematic analysis, data from the 12 participants(mean age: 31.3 years, mean work experience: 7 years) revealed the central theme, " Distress and Growth Arising from constraints in Practicing Patient-Centered End-of-Life Care," along with four main themes and 15 sub-themes.
The first main theme is‘ICU environment that fails to ensure a dignified death‘. It includes 4 sub-themes: ‘Facing the reality of having to comply with the family’s wishes for life prolongation’, ‘Experiencing professional limitations in following physicians’ decisions that conflict with one's own values’, ‘Witnessing patients suffer from futile treatments’, and ‘Struggling to find time for end-of-life patients due to heavy workloads’.
The second main theme is ‘Times of frustration in difficult situations’. It includes 4 sub-themes: ‘Feeling overwhelmed by the burden of work interfering with end-of-life care,’, ‘Experiencing helplessness and guilt when confronted with harsh realities’, ‘Avoiding moral distress’, and ‘Employing psychological coping strategies’.
The third main theme is ‘Efforts to Overcome Moral Distress in One’s Own Way’. It includes 4 sub-themes: ‘Striving to uphold personal ethical beliefs’, ‘Being cautious not to become emotionally desensitized’, ‘Sharing empathy and comfort with colleagues’, and ‘Recognizing personal growth and change over time’.
The fourth main theme is ‘Hoping for a better future’. It includes 3 sub-themes: ‘Hoping for a dignified death for end-of-life patients’, ‘Recognizing the need for education and awareness regarding the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment’ and ‘Desiring systematic institutional support’.
This study is significant as it is the first qualitative research in South Korea to explore ICU nurses’ experiences of moral distress while caring for end-of-life patients. The findings reveal that ICU nurses strive to provide patient-centered care and ensure a dignified death for terminally ill patients, despite experiencing substantial moral distress, frustration, and efforts to cope with these challenges. Based on the study results, this study suggests the necessity of establishing a structured support system, including psychological counseling for ICU nurses, enhancing education and counseling on life-sustaining treatment decisions, and improving communication among healthcare professionals.