Shame is one of the key emotional factors influencing consumer behavior. In modern society, with the widespread use of social media and increased social comparison, the shame experienced by consumers has emerged as an important motivator in decision-m...
Shame is one of the key emotional factors influencing consumer behavior. In modern society, with the widespread use of social media and increased social comparison, the shame experienced by consumers has emerged as an important motivator in decision-making. Shame is one of the self-conscious emotions, defined as intense negative feelings such as worthlessness, inferiority, and discomfort caused by actual or anticipated negative evaluations from others. It occurs when one violates social norms or fails to meet expectations and is one of the emotions commonly experienced by humans.
Previous studies have mainly focused on the pathological aspects of shame in the fields of clinical and counseling psychology, and as a result, the definition and measurement tools for shame have been developed with a focus on internal tendencies. However, this approach has limitations in that it does not sufficiently reflect the social and interactive characteristics of shame. Most of the 19 shame measurement tools reported to date remain within a psychological context, and there is a lack of conceptualization and measurement tools suitable for the consumer behavior context. Therefore, there is a need to reconceptualize shame from a consumer studies perspective and develop multidimensional measurement tools suitable for various consumption situations. In particular, shame research in the consumer field tends to be limited to specific types or dimensions. This study aims to redefine the concept of consumer shame and propose dimensions and measurement tools for shame that are appropriate for the consumer context.
Shame is closely related to consumers' conspicuous consumption behavior. Consumers are likely to engage in strategic behaviors such as avoidance, compensatory consumption, or prosocial consumption to alleviate the shame they experience. Conspicuous consumption is a representative compensatory consumption behavior that seeks recognition from others and reveals social status, and it can be triggered by psychological motives to restore a damaged self-identity. Furthermore, such mechanisms may vary in their pathways and intensity depending on individual social comparison tendencies and level of social media use. In modern society, where social media use has become commonplace, social media has evolved beyond a simple means of information transmission to become a major environmental factor that amplifies social comparison and influences various consumption behaviors, including conspicuous consumption. Based on its anonymity and high accessibility, social media can theoretically strengthen consumers' social comparison tendencies and conspicuous consumption tendencies by infinitely expanding the scope of comparison targets. In this regard, this study aims to examine the mediating effect of upward comparison and the moderating effect of social media usage level on the influence of consumer shame on conspicuous consumption tendencies.
Based on this problem awareness, this study collected data through an online survey of a total of 1,000 consumers - 500 from Korea and 500 from Germany - and conducted empirical analysis. To address the research questions, SPSS and AMOS 29.0 were utilized to conduct frequency analysis, reliability analysis, t-tests, exploratory factor analysis, correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling, and multi-group analysis.
This study redefined the concept of consumer shame, established a dimensionalization of shame in the consumer context, and developed a measurement tool. Based on this, the study compared and analyzed the influence of the multidimensional structure of consumer shame on ostentatious consumption tendencies among Korean and German consumers. Additionally, by examining the mediating effect of social comparison tendencies and the moderating effect of social media immersion, the study aimed to clarify the psychological mechanisms through which consumer shame influences consumption behavior and to expand the theoretical foundation of consumer emotion research. In particular, through a comparative analysis between Korean and German consumers, this study explored how different sociocultural backgrounds influence the operation of these psychological mechanisms and provided theoretical grounds for explaining the differences in ostentatious consumption tendencies between Korean and German consumers.
The results of this study can be summarized as follows.
First, not only the dimensional structure of consumer shame but also the composition of items within some of the dimensions derived equally in Korea and Germany showed differences depending on the cultural sphere. Three dimensions—financial shame, body shame, and ethical shame—were derived from the Korean consumer group, while four dimensions—financial, body, social, and eco shame—were identified in the German consumer group. Additionally, differences were observed in the composition of items within the appearance-related shame dimension, which was common to both Korean and German groups. In the German group, a tendency toward weight-centered shame was prominent, whereas in the Korean group, social expression elements such as makeup and clothing were included, emphasizing a comprehensive focus on overall appearance and highlighting social sensitivity toward appearance.
Second, cultural differences were also observed in the influence of consumer shame on social comparison and conspicuous consumption tendencies between Korean and German groups. In the influence pathway of consumer shame on upward comparison, financial shame exerted a stronger influence than appearance-related shame in Korea, whereas in Germany, there was little difference between the two dimensions. This is interpreted as related to the phenomenon that in Korean society financial success is closely linked to self-esteem and social evaluation. Additionally, national differences were observed in the influence of consumer shame on conspicuous consumption tendencies. In Korea, ethical shame inhibits conspicuous consumption, whereas in Germany, eco shame acts as a factor reinforcing conspicuous consumption. The emotional factors that inhibit conspicuous consumption were found to be eco shame in South Korea and social shame in Germany, with the effect size being particularly pronounced in Germany.
Third, the analysis of the moderating effect of social media immersion revealed different patterns across cultures. In South Korea, the higher the level of social media immersion, the stronger the influence of financial shame on upward comparison, while in Germany, this influence was relatively weaker. Conversely, in Germany, higher social media immersion was associated with a stronger influence of eco shame on conspicuous consumption tendencies. Based on a multi-group analysis using a partially homogeneous structural model, a statistically significant moderating effect was confirmed in the path where shame influences upward comparison for the high social media immersion group, and significant differences between countries were observed in the paths of financial shame and appearance-related shame. Specifically, the influence of financial shame on upward comparison was greater in Korea than in Germany, while the influence of appearance-related shame was greater in Germany than in Korea. This empirically demonstrates that social media reflect the unique emotional sensitivities and values of each cultural context, thereby respectively amplifying the influence of social media immersion levels on specific dimensions of shame-driven consumption behavior.
Fourth, unlike previous studies that consistently showed a positive influence of consumer shame on ostentatious consumption tendencies, this study confirmed that consumer shame can also have a negative influence depending on its dimension. This study also newly clarified that consumer shame does not function solely as an emotion that promotes ostentatious consumption but possesses a dual function that inhibits it in specific dimensions. This demonstrates that consumer shame is a complex self-conscious emotion with various dimensions, which can perform opposing functions of promoting or inhibiting conspicuous consumption depending on the sociocultural background of consumers.
Fifth, the psychological mechanism through which consumer shame affects conspicuous consumption tendencies was found to be similar in both Korea and Germany. Eco, social, and ethical shame, which correspond to moral shame, directly influenced the tendency toward conspicuous consumption without undergoing upward comparison, while financial and body shame, which correspond to non-moral shame, influenced the tendency toward conspicuous consumption through upward comparison. In particular, financial shame was found to act through a complete mediation pathway, while appearance-related shame acted through a partial mediation pathway, revealing a common characteristic.
In conclusion, this study expanded the theoretical and methodological horizons of consumer behavior research on ostentatious consumption tendencies through a multidimensional approach to shame, one of consumer emotions, and cross-cultural comparisons. It also provides important practical implications for establishing marketing strategies that reflect consumer value orientations and emotional needs in different cultural contexts.