This thesis aims to elucidate the distinctive characteristics and literary value of the poetry and prose of Yi Gyusang(1727-1799), a literatus active outside the officialdom in eighteenth-century Joseon, and to explore his significance in the history ...
This thesis aims to elucidate the distinctive characteristics and literary value of the poetry and prose of Yi Gyusang(1727-1799), a literatus active outside the officialdom in eighteenth-century Joseon, and to explore his significance in the history of Korean literature. A scion of a prominent family based in Gongju(公州), Chungcheong-do(忠淸道), Yi Gyusang repeatedly attempted the civil service examination but ultimately failed to secure a governmental post. He spent his life in retirement, devoting himself to the creation of poetry and prose as well as the compilation of unofficial historical records. The absence of official duties allowed him to dedicate his time and energy fully to literary creation, resulting in exceptional achievements in both literature and historiographical writing. Yi's case typifies how an intellectual excluded from official life immersed himself in writing as a means of self-assertion, and how this immersion led to outstanding literary accomplishments.
Yi Gyusang's literary drive is epitomized by his compilation of the Byeongsjae-eonrok(幷世才彦錄), an unprecedented anthology that documents anecdotes of over 180 contemporaries, and by his production of nearly 4,000 poems—an output comparable to that of professional poets. Beyond mere quantity, his works are marked by an original poetics that diverges from established norms, reflecting a strong sense of individuality. His writings capture not only the portraits of diverse contemporary figures and the urbanizing landscape of late Joseon Hanyang, but also unique incidents and customs observed firsthand or relayed through others. These works, which record the people, customs, and events of his era from a quasi-historiographical perspective, constitute Yi's most distinctive literary achievements.
Despite these accomplishments, Yi Gyusang and his literature have not received due scholarly attention, and the recently discovered manuscript edition of his collected works has not been thoroughly examined. Accordingly, this dissertation undertakes a comprehensive study of Yi Gyusang and his poetry and prose—hitherto overlooked in literary history—to clarify their distinctive qualities and reassess Yi's place in eighteenth-century Korean literature. In doing so, it seeks to reposition Yi and his writings from the margins to the forefront of literary scholarship. The main findings of each chapter are as follows:
Chapter II offers a comprehensive overview of Yi Gyusang's extant works, systematically cataloguing his poetry and prose as transmitted in both manuscript and printed editions, and providing a general outline of his literary tendencies.
Chapter III reconstructs Yi's life as a writer, examining the development of his literary activities in relation to major turning points—moving to the capital, returning to his hometown, and the loss of his wife—and periodizes his life into childhood, years in the capital, years in retirement, and old age. It discusses how, after repeated failures in the state examinations, Yi shifted his focus from officialdom to a literary vocation, culminating in an increasingly independent literary outlook in his later years.
Chapter IV explores how Yi, after abandoning hopes of an official career, coped with marginalization from the political and cultural centers by turning to poetry, revaluing rural life and literary creation, and establishing and reinforcing his identity as a writer. It analyzes how, in correspondence with friends in the capital, Yi sought to mitigate his isolation and reaffirm the legitimacy of his retirement through the idealization of rural life and continuous engagement in literary creation.
Chapter V investigates the distinctive features of Yi's poetry and prose. In poetry, he preferred ancient-style verse(古體詩) over regulated verse(近體詩), considering the former more suitable for the sincere expression of personal intent. His long-form ancient-style poems(長篇古詩) are characterized by plain, everyday diction, minimal use of allusions, frequent deployment of function words and continuous clauses, the avoidance of elaborate ornamentation, and a direct, unrestrained style—traits the dissertation terms “prose-like long ancient-style poems.” These works represent an active search for forms and expressions suited to the self-expression of marginalized intellectuals. In prose, Yi eschewed formal conventions in both diction and structure, favoring eccentricity and experimentation to preserve authorial individuality. His prose is marked by concise sentences reminiscent of pre-Qin(先秦) classical prose, frequent omission of subjects, use of archaic vocabulary, and the avoidance of fixed structural patterns, such as the standard four-part division. These innovative forms reflect a subjective and experimental approach to prose writing, aiming to assert a distinct literary identity.
Chapter VI analyzes Yi's achievements as a chronicler of his times, categorizing his works into the recording of people, customs, and events. It demonstrates that his biographical and anecdotal writings, as well as his poetic memorials, engage with a broad array of contemporaries and vividly capture the customs and changing realities of eighteenth-century Joseon(朝鮮). His historical sensibility imbues his literary works with the quality of “behind-the-scenes” stories, granting them both literary interest and value as unofficial historical sources.
Finally, Chapter VII considers the literary-historical significance of Yi Gyusang's oeuvre. Comparing Yi with other contemporary literati such as Yu Gyeongjong(柳慶種), An Seokgyeong(安錫儆), and Yu Manju(兪晩柱), the dissertation identifies common literary tendencies: an attachment to writing, the pursuit of individuality, a strong interest in record-keeping, affinity with the genres of miscellaneous notes and unofficial histories, and prolific output. The study concludes that Yi's prose-like long ancient-style poetry and his unconventional prose arose from the self-expressive and individualistic impulses of an intellectual writer outside the establishment, and that his extensive documentation of contemporary society reflects a distinctive historiographical spirit. Thus, the historical significance of Yi Gyusang's literature lies in his proactive and ambitious literary practice—a form of self-assertion rarely found among prominent official literati—and his pioneering contributions to the literary and historiographical traditions of late Joseon.