This study examines palace fires and their reconstruction in the Chosŏn dynasty. It focuses on the patterns of palace fire outbreaks, the procedures for their management, and the stages of reconstruction. In particular, it highlights two key Confucia...
This study examines palace fires and their reconstruction in the Chosŏn dynasty. It focuses on the patterns of palace fire outbreaks, the procedures for their management, and the stages of reconstruction. In particular, it highlights two key Confucian principles applied in the response to palace fires: Kwanyong (寬容, leniency), which refers to lenient punishment for those responsible, and Chŏlyong (節用, frugality), which encourages conserving costs and materials during reconstruction. These ideas reflected efforts to overcome palace fires seen as Chaei (災異), or signs of the king’s moral failure.
According to Chosŏnwangjosillok (朝鮮王朝實錄, The Veritable Records of the Chosŏn Dynasty), palace fires became significantly more frequent from the eighteenth century onward. Among 68 recorded cases, 62 were accidental(失火), and the majority occurred in autumn or winter. Ch’angdŏkkung experienced the highest number of fires, with 30 cases recorded, followed by Kyŏngbokkung(景福宮)(17), Ch’anggyŏnggung(昌慶宮)(10), Kyŏnghŭikung/Kyŏngdŏkkung(慶熙宮/慶德宮)(6), Tŏksukung/Kyŏngun’gung(德壽宮/慶運宮)(4), and one case at another site. Fires most frequently originated in Haenggak (行閣, palace outbuildings or peripheral structures) and typically caused only localized damage.
Fire suppression initially relied on palace-based personnel, primarily the Ipchikkun (入直軍, palace guards on duty). The composition of externally mobilized personnel varied over time. In the 15th century, royal relatives and high-ranking officials were deployed. In the late 15th to 16th centuries, a specialized fire-response agency called Susŏnggŭmhwasa (修城禁火司) played a leading role. By the late Chosŏn, the state consistently relied on central military units and residents of Hansŏngbu (漢城府). When external participants entered the palace, officials followed formal procedures for gate opening and access control, ensuring both effective fire suppression and protection of palace security.
Punishment for individuals involved in palace fires covered all stages of responsibility, from directly causing the fire to failures in response. According to the Taemyŏngnyul (大明律, The Great Ming Code), setting a fire in the palace—even accidentally—could result in execution by hanging(絞刑), while abandoning one’s post during a fire could lead to corporal punishment with a staff(杖刑). In practice, however, the state often reduced these punishments as an expression of Kwanyong. This approach aimed to correct unjust rulings(失政), restore fair legal practice, and allow the king to demonstrate self-reflection(修省) to overcome the fire as chaei.
In addition to these institutional and moral responses, physical restoration was also essential. Minor fires allowed for quick repairs, while major ones required phased and prolonged reconstruction. Since palaces symbolized royal and national authority, reconstruction was considered indispensable. However, political or financial constraints sometimes delayed or even halted these efforts.
Reconstruction followed the guiding principle of Chŏlyong. The court directed that palaces be rebuilt to their original scale, promoted simplicity by adjusting material standards, ordered the reuse of key resources such as timber, and revised procurement practices to reduce costs. These measures reflected the belief that excessive luxury had contributed to the chaeŭi, and that modest reconstruction would help end the disaster and restore the king’s moral authority under the Ch’ŏnmyŏng (天命, Mandate of Heaven).
While previous studies have primarily focused on the construction and completion of palaces, this study shifts attention to their destruction and reconstruction. In doing so, it offers a more comprehensive view of ‘the historical cycle of Chosŏn palaces’—comprising construction, completion, destruction, and reconstruction. It further argues that recovering from palace fires was not merely about physical repair or legal enforcement, but a political and moral undertaking shaped by Confucian ideals: Kwanyong and Chŏlyong to restore loyal legitimacy through ethical governance.