Loneliness has been suggested as an important health issue among middle-aged and older adults. Policies and interventions related to loneliness in South Korea have focused on individuals who are socially isolated, but middle-aged and older couples may...
Loneliness has been suggested as an important health issue among middle-aged and older adults. Policies and interventions related to loneliness in South Korea have focused on individuals who are socially isolated, but middle-aged and older couples may also suffer from loneliness. Considering the interdependent nature of health and well-being between spouses, this study examined the risk factors for loneliness at the couple-level. Specifically, this study analyzed how both individuals’ and their spouses’ relational characteristics (i.e., marital satisfaction, frequency of contact with close others, and frequency of participation in social activities) are associated with loneliness. There are two pathways that may link individuals’ and their spouses’ relational characteristics to loneliness. First, individuals’ and their spouses’ relational characteristics may be directly associated with loneliness, which can be examined using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM). Second, the spouse’s relational characteristics may be indirectly associated with loneliness through the spouse’s own loneliness, which can be examined using the Mutual Influence Model (MIM). By applying APIM and MIM, this study explored the pathways through which a spouse’s relational characteristics may be linked to one’s own loneliness, aiming to identify potential couple-level interventions to alleviate loneliness. Further, as middle-aged couples and older couples may be vulnerable to loneliness in different contexts, this study compared the associations of individuals’ and their spouses’ relational characteristics with loneliness between the two age groups.
Utilizing the 5th and 6th waves of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA), this study analyzed a sample of 2,024 couples (919 middle-aged couples, and 1,105 older couples) in which both husbands and wives participated in the survey. Middle-aged couples were defined as couples in which both spouses were less than 65 years old, and older couples were defined as those in which both spouses were 65 years old or older. Both APIM and MIM were analyzed separately for middle-aged and older couples using path modeling. Relational characteristics and loneliness were both measured using data from the 6th wave, and loneliness in the 5th wave was controlled for.
The study results are as follows. First, regarding the direct associations of individuals’ and their spouses’ relational characteristics with loneliness, both husbands and wives in middle-aged couples showed lower levels of loneliness when their spouses had more frequent contact with close others (partner effect). Among older couples, both husbands and wives who reported higher levels of marital satisfaction showed lower levels of loneliness (actor effect). In addition, husbands experienced lower levels of loneliness when their wives reported higher marital satisfaction (partner effect), while the association between husbands’ marital satisfaction and wives’ loneliness was not significant. Second, regarding the indirect associations between spouses’ relational characteristics and one’s own loneliness through spouses’ loneliness, the mediating effect of spouses’ loneliness was only significant among older couples. Husbands showed lower levels of loneliness when they reported higher marital satisfaction, and lower levels of husbands’ loneliness were associated with lower levels of wives’ loneliness. The indirect association between wives’ marital satisfaction and husbands’ loneliness was not significant. The findings suggest that interventions for alleviating loneliness should be extended to couples, highlighting the importance of considering both spouses’ relational characteristics and loneliness at the dyadic level. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the need for differentiated approaches to dyadic interventions between middle-aged and older couples.