This study qualitatively analyzes the process through which students from provincial areas in South Korea choose to enroll in Gangnam’s Jaesu (university entrance exam retake) cram schools, despite the significant economic and non-economic burdens. ...
This study qualitatively analyzes the process through which students from provincial areas in South Korea choose to enroll in Gangnam’s Jaesu (university entrance exam retake) cram schools, despite the significant economic and non-economic burdens. It particularly explores why these students, after failing their initial university entrance exams and preparing for one or more retakes, select the specific location of Gangnam in Seoul over alternatives such as local academic resources or online lectures. This phenomenon cannot be explained solely as an individual choice for academic achievement; rather, it needs to be understood as a complex outcome influenced by structural mechanisms operating within psychological and social contexts.
Based on this perspective, this study established the following two research questions. First, what are the reasons for provincial N-su-saeng (students retaking the exam for the Nth time) to participate in Gangnam’s Jaesu cram schools? Second, what are the operating principles that lead them to participate in these institutions?
This research points out the limitations of existing studies on exam retaking and private education. Previous research on Jaesu has primarily focused on the difficulties, decisions, and effects of retaking exams, failing to sufficiently explain the phenomenon due to a lack of research on the crucial mediating role of private Jaesu education. Studies on participation in private education have been conducted from macro, meso, and micro perspectives, often explained by attribution theory, status competition theory, and institutional theory. However, these theories tend to remain at the level of individual interpretation and struggle to explain participation in private education that involves a "choice of space." Furthermore, research reflecting the specific context of Jaesu is limited.
This study applies the theory of Effectively Maintained Inequality (EMI) by Lucas(2001) and Alon(2009) to analyze how qualitative inequality operates even within the private education sector, focusing on EMI's three core concepts: ‘qualitative stratification,’ ‘exclusion,’ and ‘adaptation.’ It also provides a basis for critically interpreting how the symbolism of ‘Gangnam’ corresponds with the qualitative differentiation of Jaesu private education, structurally constraining individual choices.
The research method employed was a qualitative case study, conducting in-depth interviews with a total of 13 N-su-saeng, including those who moved from provincial areas to Gangnam cram schools and those from Seoul. The interview data were analyzed using Braun & Clarke's(2006) Thematic Analysis, integrated with the core concepts of EMI. The key themes derived from the participants' narratives were categorized as: 'Gangnam cram schools as a refuge,' 'Paradise of Jaesu: The qualitative superiority of famous Gangnam cram schools,' 'Paradise and Dropout: Exclusion, adaptation, and qualitative difference,' and 'Nevertheless, Gangnam.'
The findings reveal that participation in Gangnam's private Jaesu education is a structurally shaped individual choice resulting from the complex interplay of qualitative differentiation and Gangnam's symbolism. The principles of exclusion and adaptation were at work, and their interaction intensified inequality among and within Jaesu cram schools. Cram schools in provincial areas were positioned as qualitatively inferior. In contrast, ‘Gangnam’ embodies symbolism of ‘success,’ ‘superiority,’ and ‘elite’, which was interpreted as increasing the propensity to choose it.
However, this study has the following limitations. First, being based on the researcher's experiences, subjective intervention may have occurred. Second, due to the nature of a case study, the participants' characteristics are limited, failing to sufficiently reflect the diverse class and regional experiences within provincial areas. Third, as EMI was developed based on quantitative research, supplementation with quantitative studies is necessary.
Nevertheless, this study offers meaningful implications by providing a multi-faceted illumination of the structural hierarchy and the symbolism of Gangnam experienced by provincial N-su-saeng. It expands the sociological understanding of the Jaesu phenomenon and can be utilized as foundational data for future policy discussions on Jaesu private education and the resolution of regional educational disparities.