This study investigates how job characteristics influence organizational commitment among public officials in South Korea, drawing upon the Job Characteristics Model proposed by Hackman and Oldham (1976). The study is motivated by mounting concerns ov...
This study investigates how job characteristics influence organizational commitment among public officials in South Korea, drawing upon the Job Characteristics Model proposed by Hackman and Oldham (1976). The study is motivated by mounting concerns over declining emotional attachment to public organizations and increasing turnover intentions, particularly among younger generations in the civil service. In response to such challenges, the research emphasizes the importance of intrinsic motivators embedded within the structure of work itself—moving beyond conventional approaches that prioritize extrinsic incentives such as salary and promotion. The central aim of the study is to empirically identify the structural job design elements that contribute to public officials' affective, normative, and continuance dimensions of organizational commitment.
Previous studies have examined various antecedents of organizational commitment, focusing on factors such as extrinsic rewards, leadership, and organizational culture. Meyer and Allen (1991) proposed a widely used three-dimensional model of organizational commitment—affective, continuance, and normative—which has served as a theoretical foundation for many empirical investigations. However, Brown (1996) criticized this typology for complicating the concept unnecessarily, emphasizing instead a unidimensional attitudinal bond rooted in emotional attachment. While some domestic studies have highlighted the significance of job characteristics within the public sector, large-scale empirical analyses targeting public officials across the nation remain insufficient.
The present study utilizes data from the 2023 Public Officials' Work Life Survey, comprising a nationwide sample of 6,444 general public servants employed by central ministries, metropolitan governments, and local municipalities. Independent variables include five core job characteristics—skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback—as defined by the Job Characteristics Model. Organizational commitment is measured through indicators of emotional attachment, identification with the organization, and long-term dedication. Control variables include gender, age, tenure, rank, and organizational type. Analytical techniques include descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, reliability testing using Cronbach's alpha, and multiple linear regression.
The analysis revealed that task significance and feedback exerted the strongest positive effects on organizational commitment. In particular, task significance indicates that public officials demonstrate higher levels of organizational commitment when they clearly recognize that their work contributes to the public good, which in turn fosters stronger psychological attachment to their organizations. Feedback improves perceived job effectiveness and reinforces employees' self-efficacy, thereby increasing commitment levels. Task identity also shows a meaningful impact, suggesting that jobs with clearly defined scopes and outcomes are more likely to foster a sense of purpose and connection. Conversely, Skill variety and autonomy also showed statistically significant effects; however, their impact was relatively modest compared to the aforementioned three variables, possibly due to cultural norms of rigid specialization and bureaucratic task segmentation.
This study contributes to both theoretical and practical domains in several ways. First, it broadens the theoretical discourse on organizational commitment by shifting focus from external to internal motivational mechanisms within job structures. Second, the study's use of a large, nationally representative dataset with longitudinal insights allows for robust comparative analyses across institution types and regional contexts, enhancing the validity of its findings. Third, Practical job design strategies were proposed to enhance task significance and feedback environments for public officials, which can contribute to strengthening organizational commitment and serve as a strategy for the long-term attraction and retention of talented personnel. Fourth, the research demonstrates the mediating potential of organizational commitment in linking job design to long-term performance outcomes, positioning structural job design as a key strategic tool in public sector innovation. In sum, this study offers a comprehensive and empirically grounded exploration of how job characteristics drive commitment among public officials, with significant implications for both academic scholarship and policy implementation.