Amid pressing socio-scientific issues such as the climate crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic, the role of civic engagement has gained heightened significance. Accordingly, there is an increasing imperative for science education to develop democratic cit...
Amid pressing socio-scientific issues such as the climate crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic, the role of civic engagement has gained heightened significance. Accordingly, there is an increasing imperative for science education to develop democratic citizens equipped to participate actively in everyday social practices addressing these issues. In alignment with this shift, Korea’s 2022 revised National Curriculum and the Korea Science Education Standards (KSES) have formally adopted ‘participation and action’ as a core goal of science education. Within this evolving educational landscape, devising effective strategies to foster students’ collective and community-oriented ‘participation and action’ in science classrooms has emerged as a critical and urgent challenge.
Implementing this goal of ‘participation and action’ remains a significant challenge for individual teachers within the realities of formal science education. In response, this study examines a science teacher community engaged in informal science education as a key agent in initiating such educational change. It traces how these teachers formed a community of practice to negotiate the meaning of ‘participation and action’ and collaboratively develop instructional strategies, as a potential approach to fostering innovation in science education.
This study focuses on an informal science education program for middle school students, jointly run by a local government and a university, and implemented in District G, Seoul. It qualitatively analyzed: (RQ 1) the formation and operation of the science teacher community, and (RQ 2) how teachers interpreted ‘participation and action’ to transform it into instructional strategies. Over an 18-month period (from late 2022 through 2023), the researcher participated in the program as an assistant teacher, conducting participant observation and collecting various forms of qualitative data, including meeting records, teaching materials, and interviews.
To address Research Question 1, the program was divided into three phases— planning, implementation, and consolidation— and analyzed using Wenger’s (1998) community of practice framework, focusing on mutual engagement, joint enterprise, and shared repertoire.
In the planning phase, teachers tended to follow the program director’s guidance without a full understanding of the concept of ‘participation and action,’ and they showed weak awareness of and responsibility for the joint enterprise. However, as they moved into the implementation phase, they began to internalize the goals of the program through interactions with various stakeholders (e.g., district officials, science education experts), gradually fostering mutual engagement and shifting from conflict to coordination. In the consolidation phase, teachers built a shared repertoire grounded in their accumulated experience with program implementation and mutual engagement. They voluntarily developed instructional strategies and materials aligned with the educational goals – including refining student-led inquiry activities and improving workbooks. These findings suggest that for ‘participation and action’ to take root in science education programs or regular classroom teaching, sustained, multi-layered efforts – encompassing school leadership, teacher expertise, and community support – are required.
For Research Question 2, this study focuses on three teachers who participated in the program for more than a year, tracing how their interpretations of ‘participation and action’ developed in tandem with their instructional strategies. Their experiences are analyzed using Wenger’s concepts of negotiation of meaning and reification.
In response to Research Question 2, it was found that the teachers initially perceived ‘participation and action’ as an ideal form of student engagement, attainable only after students had acquired both scientific knowledge and inquiry competence. As a result, they tended to design lessons focused on familiar, inquiry-based activities. This cautious approach stemmed from their hesitation and anxiety about adopting new instructional strategies. Over time, however, the teachers adjusted their instructional strategies through interactions with stakeholders at various levels, even reshaping their professional identities in the process: they evolved from anxious experimenters to confident implementers; from inquiry purists to practitioners attentive to the shared goals of the community; and from technical assistants to leaders spearheading instructional innovation.
A noticeable shift is in how the teachers’ understanding of ‘participation and action’ shifted fundamentally through a sustained negotiation of meaning. Initially viewed as the “flower” at the end of a lesson, their interpretation evolved into seeing it as the “root” that sustains science instruction. This conceptual shift was reified in their instructional strategies, as they restructured lessons around a flow of problem recognition → scientific inquiry → judgment and action. Crucially, they came to see ‘participation and action’ not as a peripheral add-on for civic education, but as a core goal within science education itself.
Based on this analysis, this study identifies three critical issues that arise when implementing ‘participation and action’ in science education.
(1) Whether ‘participation and action’ in science education should be interpreted as civic engagement or scientific endeavor. While policy documents such as the KSES adopt a broader definition, teachers initially tended to view it as a form of civic behavior, which risked emotional burden and a disconnect from the core goals of science education.
(2) Whether student ‘participation and action’ should involve authentic engagement with social issues or remain a simulated classroom experience. The teachers designed student-led inquiry activities that allowed students to share their findings with the community, demonstrating that meaningful ‘participation and action’ can occur without requiring frontline social activism.
(3) Whether ‘participation and action’ should be regarded as a core instructional goal or merely an optional supplement. Early on, teachers viewed related activities as secondary, often omitting them due to time constraints, highlighting how the interpretation of ‘participation and action’ influences lesson design and strategy.
In sum, this study provides empirical evidence of how the abstract goal of ‘participation and action’ can be concretely realized in classroom practices through a science teacher community. This community functioned as a mediating environment that mitigated teachers’ uncertainties and burdens by fostering collaborative relationships, thereby facilitating the translation of educational ideals into practical teaching. By integrating the theoretical framework of communities of practice with the empirical context of science education, this study makes a meaningful contribution to understanding the processes by which teacher collaboration drives instructional innovation. Grounded in these findings, it is anticipated that democratic citizenship education through ‘participation and action’ will be further advanced within the domain of science education.