This study explores the labour experiences of young women who are building their careers as fashion and beauty influencers within the social media economy. Against the backdrop of the global expansion of social media platforms and the rise of the infl...
This study explores the labour experiences of young women who are building their careers as fashion and beauty influencers within the social media economy. Against the backdrop of the global expansion of social media platforms and the rise of the influencer marketing industry, “fashion/beauty influencer” has emerged as an appealing form of work for women in their twenties. However, in South Korean society, female influencers have largely been the subject of stigma and controversy rather than academic inquiry—framed within misogynistic discourse in mainstream media and as “anti-feminist” figures within online feminist discourse. Moreover, scholarly attention to gendered digital labour and affective labour remains limited within Korean feminism and media studies.
This study examines why young women in Korea aspire to become fashion/beauty influencers, what specific forms of labor are involved in this career pursuit, and what tensions and struggles these women encounter along the way. To answer these questions, I conducted in-depth interviews with eleven women in their twenties and early thirties who have worked as influencers and conducted online observations and data collection on Instagram. The participants were situated at the intersection of neoliberalism, digital economy, consumer culture, and online feminism. This thesis investigates how these women navigate their career paths and labor under such conditions, and what meanings and forms their struggles take.
The analysis reveals that influencer labor, as envisioned by young women as a career path, reflects the precarity of gendered labor markets today. Participants entered influencer work with the intention of utilizing feminized resources—such as a passion for fashion and beauty, skills in curating social media image—into economic opportunity. For these women, influencer labor was not only a creative practice for expressing their “my space” and “my color,” but also a means to secure a stable income and successful future career.
At the core of this labor lies the performance of aesthetic labor—embodying brand aesthetics and performing authenticity. These influencers are required to present their gendered bodies as the “real me,” engaging in what I conceptualize as gendered authenticity labor. However, the more they strive to meet the expectations of this gendered role, the more they lose their sense of self and experiencing exhaustion. This labor of authenticity, then, becomes a form of labor of exhaustion, sustained by the exhuastion of the self and the exhaustion of alternative possibilities for self-representation. Social media platforms, integrated with the influencer marketing economy, mobilize and capitalize on young women's aspirations for self-expression and future success, thus forming a circulating affective economy of aspiration.
Furthermore, these young women are shaped by the influence of Korean online feminism circulating on social media. Their struggles and negotiations surrounding consumer culture highlight the tensions between influencer labor and online feminist discourse. Korean online feminist norms often position the consumption of fashion/beauty products and the performance of femininity as incompatible with ideals of “rightness” and “healthiness.” Under such feminist norms, the participants attempted to represent themselves as “ethical” consumers and “healthy” subjects. Yet, constrained by narrow definitions of feminist “rightness,” these efforts often ended in failure. In this context, the women expressed ambivalent attitudes—sometimes emphasizing femininity in defining their professional identity, and at other times distancing themselves from it.
The experiences of these fashion and beauty influencers illustrate the complex process through which young women in neoliberal, post-feminist Korean society imagine and practice their concepts of “work” and “labor.” This study contributes to broader discussions on how we might reconceptualize women’s labor under the cultural forces of digital technology and “feminism reboot.” It also raises critical questions about what “my work” can or should mean for young women today, and how feminism might intervene in platform capitalism that seeks to mobilize their aspiration. Finally, this research argues for the need to move beyond narrow feminist ethics defined by “rightness” and “healthiness,” and toward more nuanced understandings of femininity, bodily representation, and women's labor.