Labor, a key social determinant of health, has been a central subject of research in the health sciences. However, research in this area has primarily focused on paid productive labor and gave little attention to unpaid social reproductive labor, such...
Labor, a key social determinant of health, has been a central subject of research in the health sciences. However, research in this area has primarily focused on paid productive labor and gave little attention to unpaid social reproductive labor, such as housework and caregiving. Excluding this form of labor can lead to an incomplete understanding of the relationship between work and health and may introduce bias by marginalizing the health problems associated with social reproduction.
Incorporating this form of labor, however, is methodologically challenging, because the cognitive and emotional dimensions of social reproductive labor cannot be adequately captured by quantitative approaches. Thus, to capture the full extent of the total labor burden, it is essential to supplement quantitative analysis with qualitative research.
To address this challenge, this study employs a mixed-methods approach to examine the relationship between total work hours and health, focusing on heterosexual dual-earner couples, a group where this dual burden is prominent. The quantitative analysis utilized data from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study (2014) to assess the health effects of total work hours, using a hierarchical analysis that considered not only individual work hours but also spousal work hours and the couple's division of labor. The qualitative research was designed to explore the health impacts of cognitive and emotional labor—aspects not easily captured by quantitative measurement. To achieve this, in-depth interviews and family observations were conducted with a sample of dual-earner couples in their 30s and 40s with preschool children.
The combined results revealed that the health impact of total work hours goes beyond physical time constraints and is substantially shaped by the gendered division of responsibility for social reproduction. For women, often positioned as primary caregivers, this arrangement created a series of conflicts. First, they faced a dilemma in their health behaviors, as the "transparent self" required them both to sacrifice their health for their child's immediate needs and to preserve it for the continuation of care. Second, they experienced dual anxieties stemming from the conflicting demands of their roles as caregivers and paid workers. Finally, they experienced stress from the unequal division of social reproductive labor, which was paradoxically intensified as the very effort of "equality work"—the labor required to overcome the situation— disproportionately imposed an additional mental load on women.
In contrast, men’s health issues related to total work hours arose from time constraints and relational spillover effects, given their supplemental role in social reproduction. First, they tended to experience their health behaviors as a relational matter, mediated by their wives. For example, men’s right to sleep was often protected by their wives to safeguard their performance in paid labor, while securing time for exercise was perceived as requiring a negotiation with their partner. Second, their anxiety manifested as a singular concern, as the responsibility of being the financial provider and the drive for personal career success merged into a single, unified concern. Finally, men experienced stress as an indirect consequence of spillover effects from their partner's emotional exhaustion and the subsequent conflict.
The findings indicate that women face a contradictory crisis due to their primary caregiving role, and this crisis extends to their partners, triggering a broader process of “depletion through social reproduction.” This illustrates that addressing the gendered responsibilities of social reproduction is not only a women's issue, but an essential task for securing the health of their partners and family, and ultimately, the entire community.