A parameter invention specifies the constituent elements of an invention by utilizing newly created physical, chemical, or biological characteristic values or the correlation between multiple variables. Meanwhile, inherency, a doctrine developed under...
A parameter invention specifies the constituent elements of an invention by utilizing newly created physical, chemical, or biological characteristic values or the correlation between multiple variables. Meanwhile, inherency, a doctrine developed under U.S. patent practice and case law, posits that if a claimed element, though not explicitly disclosed in the prior art, is inherently present therein, the claim lacks novelty and non-obviousness. Due to the risk of parameter inventions being interpreted as inherent properties of the prior art, the doctrine of inherency can be used as an argument for the lack of novelty and inventive step (or non-obviousness) of such inventions. Notably, the Korean Supreme Court Decision 2017Hu1304, rendered on December 30, 2021, established the doctrine of inherency in Korea for the first time, stating, "The possibility or probability that an article disclosed in the prior invention has the same constitution or properties as the claimed invention is not sufficient to consider the two inventions identical; it must be proven that it necessarily has such a constitution or properties." This Supreme Court ruling is significant in that it explicitly clarified the degree of proof required by using the term "necessarily." The explicit articulation of the standard of proof in the 2017Hu1304 decision motivates research into the distribution of the burden of producing evidence in assessing the novelty and inventive step of parameter inventions. The recently revised Examination Guidelines for Patents and Utility Models concerning parameter inventions only enumerate types of reasonable doubt but fail to provide specific criteria for determining the extent to which an examiner must provide proof to fulfill their initial burden of producing evidence regarding the lack of novelty and inventive step. This deficiency has allowed examiners to easily shift the burden of producing evidence for novelty and inventive step to the applicant based on the assertion that the parameter invention is an inherent property of the prior art, without presenting sufficient reasonable grounds. Furthermore, the examination guidelines for parameter inventions lack regulations on the distribution of the burden of producing evidence between the examiner and the applicant and criteria regarding what the examiner must prove to establish a lack of novelty and inventive step. In contrast, the U.S. MPEP (Manual of Patent Examining Procedure) 2112 explicitly requires examiners to present reasonable grounds or evidence to establish inherency. Additionally, MPEP 2142 employs the concept of a Prima Facie Case of Non-obviousness during patent examination, placing the burden of producing evidence and the obligation to present reasonable grounds on the examiner to demonstrate why the claimed invention is obvious from the prior art. Given the recent recognition of the doctrine of inherency by the Korean Supreme Court in the 2017Hu1304 decision, it is deemed necessary to clearly define the burden of producing evidence and its distribution between the examiner and the applicant when assessing the novelty and inventive step of parameter inventions, which are closely related to inherency. As discussed above, introducing regulations into the Examination Guidelines for Patents and Utility Models concerning parameter inventions that specify the distribution of the burden of producing evidence between the examiner and the applicant, and the minimum elements that the examiner must initially prove to establish a lack of novelty and inventive step of a parameter invention, can ensure the fairness and appropriateness of examination and minimize unnecessary administrative procedures.