The purpose of this study is to comparatively analyze the realization of politeness expressions employed by Korean Native Speakers (KNS) and Chinese Korean Learners (CKS) during interrogative speech acts intended to bridge information gaps in academic...
The purpose of this study is to comparatively analyze the realization of politeness expressions employed by Korean Native Speakers (KNS) and Chinese Korean Learners (CKS) during interrogative speech acts intended to bridge information gaps in academic contexts. Specifically, the research identifies similarities and distinguishing features between these two groups by examining the politeness strategies they utilize.
Interrogative speech acts in academic contexts are essential linguistic activities for learners, enabling them to resolve uncertainties and deepen their understanding of relevant topics. Generally, simple information-seeking questions impose less burden on listeners compared to other speech acts such as requests or refusals. However, the nature of the requested information, social variables, and contextual factors can significantly affect question formulation, potentially resulting in listener burden comparable to other speech acts. Consequently, learners must employ various politeness strategies similar to those used in requests or refusals to ensure their interrogative speech acts are contextually appropriate.
This study emphasizes linguistic politeness strategies necessary for executing interrogative speech acts effectively within specific contexts. It focuses on the linguistic politeness devices employed by speakers to successfully obtain desired information from listeners while maintaining smooth communication. Politeness strategies are essential pragmatic elements that transcend grammatical conventions, reflecting speaker-listener relationships and contextual dynamics. Thus, this study defines linguistic politeness expressions in Korean as "linguistic devices strategically used by speakers to consider the listener's face while achieving communicative goals," investigated through a Written Discourse Completion Test (WDCT).
Chapter II systematically reviews previous research on speech acts, clarifying the theoretical foundations of interrogative speech acts, including definitions, felicity conditions, structures, forms, and functions. Additionally, it discusses the concept of politeness, examining its cultural specificity in Korean and defining specific politeness expressions to establish a comprehensive typology for analysis.
Chapter III outlines the research instruments and analytical methods, particularly detailing the rationale for selecting WDCT as the primary methodological tool. The chapter also describes participant selection criteria, variables used in task design, item construction, and the analytical procedures applied to the collected data.
Chapter IV compares the politeness expressions used by CKS and KNS groups in interrogative speech acts across lexical, morpho-syntactic, and discourse-pragmatic levels, analyzing various factors influencing their use. Results indicate CKS learners employed politeness expressions more frequently and produced longer utterances than KNS participants. This phenomenon is attributed to cultural differences and characteristics of the 'anxiety stage' in acquiring politeness expressions as second language learners, manifesting as over-politeness due to concerns about unintentionally appearing rude.
While lexical and morpho-syntactic levels revealed no significant differences, significant variation emerged at the discourse-pragmatic level. CKS learners more frequently used friendliness-maxim strategies to protect listeners' positive face, attributable to cultural preferences prevalent in Chinese communication norms. These differences suggest significant transfer from learners' first language during Korean speech production.
Analysis of influencing factors revealed social distance and power significantly impacted politeness expression use. Additionally, the function of interrogative speech acts influenced politeness frequency, with more politeness expressions employed in "Informative Questions" than in "Confirmative Questions," likely due to higher cognitive and temporal burdens prompting strategic politeness to mitigate listener burden.
Interestingly, situational factors did not statistically affect politeness expression frequency but influenced learners' psychological burden, indicating difficulty in adapting politeness to contextual demands despite recognizing social cues. This suggests situational influence remains primarily at a cognitive rather than performative level.
Based on these findings, the study underscores the importance of explicit pragmatic instruction emphasizing socio-cultural contexts for effective acquisition of politeness expressions by Chinese learners. Furthermore, it advocates for socio-pragmatic teaching methodologies utilizing authentic communicative tasks to enhance learners' contextual comprehension of politeness.