This study examines the postwar lives and subjectivity of South Korean Vietnam War veterans by focusing on the institutional and discursive operations of the national bohun system(the state’s veterans’ compensation and honor policy). Based on this...
This study examines the postwar lives and subjectivity of South Korean Vietnam War veterans by focusing on the institutional and discursive operations of the national bohun system(the state’s veterans’ compensation and honor policy). Based on this aim, three central objectives are pursued. First, It analyzes how veterans are subjectivized as “meritorious veterans” (yugongja) through the interrelation of the bohun system and associated discourses, drawing on theories of interpellation and performativity. Second, it explores how Vietnam veterans are represented and interpellated within broader Korean society, beyond the state–veteran relationship. Third, based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted at Chapter C of Organization A (a local branch of the Vietnam Veterans Association), it investigates how veterans’ everyday communal practices diverge from their state-assigned subject positions, thereby revealing forms of subjectivity that cannot be fully explained within a dichotomy of submission versus resistance.
Vietnam veterans experience a dual process of interpellation. Discursively, they are hailed as honorable patriots who sacrificed for national development; institutionally, they are classified into differentiated categories of state compensation, such as “veterans,” “disabled veterans,” or “Agent Orange victims” etc. In this process, veterans are represented as idealized and homogenized subjects who take pride in their sacrifice and contribution and embody national honor, while simultaneously being placed in a hierarchical structure of state compensation that compels them to question what kind of “meritorious veterans” they are. This ambivalence contributes to their ongoing social suffering.
Veterans’ linguistic and performative practices both reproduce and unsettle the normative figure of the “meritorious veterans”. In the ritual language of Organization A’s official events, the well-worn plot of “national progress through veterans’ sacrifice” continues to be performed as a canonical text—a legacy of the Park Chung-hee era’s dispatch discourse, now institutionalized through the logic of bohun. In collective discourse, veterans recontextualize this script to assert claims to compensation and recognition. Although alternative meanings—such as the veteran-as-victim—occasionally emerge, these remain embedded within the dominant bohun framework and therefore cannot be considered acts of resistance in a strict sense. The veterans’ continued self-positioning as “meritorious veterans”, often driven by the struggle for material compensation, exposes the precarity shaped by institutional and discursive conditions.
Meanwhile, civil society efforts to confront the unacknowledged violence of the Vietnam War have redefined veterans as subjects who must reflect on their past actions. These representations often cast them as morally suspect or as figures silenced by their own suffering—disconnected from the capacity to narrate their experiences. A renewed reflection by civic subjects on the anonymization and homogenization of war experiences, memories, and suffering at the collective level is now shifting toward a focus on the individual experiences and voices of Vietnam veterans.
The subjectivity explored in this article does not exist outside the state’s ideology, state’s discourse or veteran’s association but rather coexists alongside them, grounded in practices that sustain communal life. In the lives of elderly veterans, many veterans gather daily in local chapter offices of their association, where ideological speech, acts—though increasingly emptied of constative meanings—serve as means of securing social legitimacy and sustaining everyday forms of togetherness. These practices are less about ideological affirmation than about sustaining collective enjoyment and routine. While they do not fit neatly into frameworks of resistance or submission, they nonetheless depend on the ideological forms they inhabit. Furthermore, access to these communal life is conditioned by factors such as health and financial stability, which underscores the need to critically consider the lives and subjectivity of veterans who remain outside such networks.
In conclusion, the study makes two propositions. First, subjectivity of Vietnam Veterans should be understood not only through testimony and oral narrative, but also through everyday interaction, practice, affect, and meaning-making. Second, it calls for a critical analysis of the material and institutional apparatus that shape and constrain the conditions under which veteran subjectivity are produced.