This study examines how the Korea Coast Guard (KCG) shaped the agenda of Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) policy and identifies the structural conditions that facilitated or hindered the process of formal policy agenda-setting. While MDA has emerged as...
This study examines how the Korea Coast Guard (KCG) shaped the agenda of Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) policy and identifies the structural conditions that facilitated or hindered the process of formal policy agenda-setting. While MDA has emerged as a pivotal concept in global maritime security, emphasizing real-time monitoring, data fusion, and anticipatory responses to maritime threats, the institutionalization of MDA in Korea has encountered considerable challenges. Notably, the Korean MDA agenda experienced phases of stagnation due to legal and institutional limitations, followed by a rapid transition to formal adoption under the Yoon Suk-yeol administration. This research investigates these dynamics through the lens of Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Framework (MSF), integrating real-world policy episodes and structural constraints to explain the rise of MDA as a national policy issue.
The MSF theoretical model explains that policy windows open when three streams—problem, policy, and politics—converge at critical moments. Applying this model, the research reveals that the MDA policy window in Korea was not the result of a linear policy process but rather a unique confluence of escalating maritime security threats (such as illegal Chinese fishing and gray-zone operations), the maturation of internal policy alternatives by the KCG, and a favorable political climate under a new administration. The KCG played a central role as a policy entrepreneur, actively framing the problem, refining policy alternatives, and mobilizing political support to open the policy window.
Methodologically, this study adopts a qualitative approach, combining document analysis and case-based interpretation of the KCG’s MDA policy development. By tracking policy shifts across multiple political periods and referencing legislative attempts—such as the 2020 failure of the Coast Guard Act amendment and the eventual 2022 designation of MDA as a national agenda—this study demonstrates how policy inertia can be overcome through institutional entrepreneurship.
The research further identifies three major findings. First, the “problem stream” became increasingly salient with rising maritime incidents involving foreign actors, shifts in maritime strategy in neighboring states, and geopolitical tensions in the Indo-Pacific. Second, the “policy stream” was activated through internal KCG planning documents and early-stage institutional frameworks, such as the MDA Basic Plan and interagency coordination efforts. Third, the “political stream” provided crucial momentum through the advent of a new presidential administration that included MDA as a core national security agenda item.
Significantly, the opening of the policy window was institutionalized through the revision of the Coast Guard Act, which clarified the legal definition of maritime security information and provided the KCG with a statutory basis for data collection and integration (Article 2, 5, and 18 of the revised Act). This legislative success marked a turning point in Korean maritime policy, signaling the formalization of MDA governance and reinforcing the KCG's authority in interagency coordination.
Beyond its empirical findings, the study contributes to policy science in three key ways. First, it extends the application of MSF to the underexplored maritime policy domain, offering a theoretical lens through which maritime governance and security agendas can be analyzed. Second, the research provides a concrete case of how policy entrepreneurs in a bureaucratic agency can mobilize internal expertise and external political shifts to overcome institutional inertia. Third, the study critically engages with the limitations of MDA policy, emphasizing the need for sustained legal reform, technological modernization (e.g., transition from HUMINT to TECHINT), and the establishment of a centralized information fusion center.
Lastly, this study proposes two legislative priorities for advancing MDA governance in Korea: (1) restructuring the KCG’s internal information capabilities through the creation of a Maritime Information Fusion Center, and (2) institutionalizing a national control tower under the National Security Office to coordinate maritime-related functions across the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (economic interests), the Navy (military security), and the KCG (maritime law enforcement and disaster response). These recommendations aim to elevate MDA from a reactive monitoring tool to a proactive national strategy for maritime security and sovereignty.
In sum, this research provides a detailed case study of how strategic framing, institutional entrepreneurship, and political opportunity can intersect to advance a complex and technologically intensive policy agenda. The Korean MDA experience offers valuable insights for other middle-power maritime nations seeking to navigate the intricate terrain of maritime governance under conditions of regional instability and institutional fragmentation.