The Balhae Hongzunyuchang Tomb is one of the China's top 10 archaeological discoveries in 1995, and it has the largest number of tombs excavated and investigated among the Balhae Ancient Tombs in China, the longest investigation period(1992-1995), the...
The Balhae Hongzunyuchang Tomb is one of the China's top 10 archaeological discoveries in 1995, and it has the largest number of tombs excavated and investigated among the Balhae Ancient Tombs in China, the longest investigation period(1992-1995), the most complex tomb shape and structure, and the most abundant excavated relics. Many important relics were also excavated as a result of the long work. The results of the three-year excavation work were compiled and published in 2009 as 『Hongzunyuchang Tomb: Archaeological Excavation Report of Balhae Cemetery from 1992 to 1995』. Until now, the study of the Hongzunyuchang Tomb has not been conducted quantitatively due to its vast scale and manpower and cost. These difficulties are not just a problem of the Hongzunyuchang Tomb, but a universal difficulty in archaeological research. In particular, it has been considered impossible to conduct quantitative research itself when it is difficult to accurately grasp the entire population statistically.
The purpose of this paper is to explore the possibility of solving various topics such as Balhae's aristocrats, the common people, life and production, family history, and population history through quantitative analysis of entire samples of the Hongzunyuchang Tomb. The dissemination of quantitative historical research methods, especially program processing technology, can gain more information from limited historical data, and can obtain new information from historical data that was often overlooked in the past, greatly improving the efficiency of historical research and further expanding the possibility of historical research.
This article attempted to verify the existing views on Balhae society through statistics. I tried to examine the lives of the aristocrats in the middle and lower classes of Balhae more comprehensively. Until now, academia has recognized that Balhae kistvaen does not have a high status rating, but this article argues that among kistvaen, a tomb for a child with a high status is found, and in Sanggyeong area(used to be the capital of Balhae), even a young person often inherits more than average property. The emphasis on children's graves requires support from clans or families, which shows that paternal cultural factors were continuously converging and strengthening, and society was gradually stabilizing.
Secondly, if the buried person in kistvaen is an adult, there are many Single Burials, which can be used as evidence of the level of status of the person in question. Compared to Single Burial, mausoleums cost less, but the fact that there are more Single Burials or become the mainstream in the corresponding ancient tombs is likely the result of the individual's social status being reflected in the tomb and the individual's condition in the tomb. The construction idea of the stone coffin tomb always shows independence, as the kistvaen tomb belongs to a separate funeral system from the stone mine.
As a result of comparing the coefficients of the multi-layered fixed-effect model of stone tombs through the statistics method, it was possible to classify the grades of the Balhae stone tombs into type Aa-1, Aa-2, Ab-1, Ab-2 and type B, C. The type Aa-1 and Aa-2 tomb were developed in a situation where the society was stabilized and productivity increased during the late Balhae period. With the creation of the tomb passage, tombs can carry larger coffins and large amounts of burial goods to vaults. The use of tomb passage is a phenomenon that appeared in the late Balhae and Sanggyeong area, which means that the gap between the rich and the poor in Sanggyeong society intensified in the late period. Through this, it is possible to confirm the changes in the burial culture that lead to the relative background trend of Goguryeo, the relative background trend of the early Balhae period, and the relative background trend of the late Balhae period. This is also the reason for the rapid expansion of the size and number of burial goods in the type Aa-1 and Aa-2 tomb in the late Balhae period, and is also one of the important reasons for the creation of the year in the late Balhae period. Since the late Balhae period began, the transport of burial goods may have been one of the most important practical functions of the year.
In the case of 'women in the 40-50 age range', one of the key explanatory variables in a study on the gender and society of the Hongzunyuchang Tomb, the regression coefficient indicating the importance of the explanatory variable is the highest. Women's tombs in their 40s and 50s have very high scale of burial products and tombs. In their 40s and 50s, where the social status is the highest, the size of women's graves is higher than that of men of the same age, so it can be guessed that there were many women with high social status or status. Next, among the key explanatory variables, the regression coefficient for men in their 20s and 30s is the second highest. It can be said that the Hongzunyuchang Tomb reflects the social division of labor of male members relatively clearly, and it can be guessed that their main position was to participate in manual labor such as military. It is believed that the role of men in the Hongzunyuchang Tomb was the reason why they gave them the upper hand in society. The excavated iron chisel was not a fork-type arrowhead used for war, but a flat arrowhead. This shows that Sanggyeong area maintained a symbolic military function as a royal castle. Women under the age of 20 can act as a key explanatory variable at the 5% significance level, indicating that the wealth status of female minors is closely related to their families or clans. In addition, the family is the minimum unit of Balhae society and shows a stable family structure in that minors and adult men and women are buried together through the Gender Code. Although the number of men and women is high and the number of women is small, the ratio of men and women in the Balhae Hongzunyuchang Tomb is within the normal range, indicating that the living conditions in the Sanggyeong area were relatively good.
In conclusion, it is judged that the middle and lower classes of management, soldiers, the wealthy, and the common people were buried in the Balhae Hongzunyuchang Tomb. It is assumed that the social status of women and children is relatively high. The military function of Sanggyeong area was becoming symbolic as high developed level of Balhae society.
In order to be able to discover limited archaeological data as much as possible at the methodological level, this paper introduced the statistics integrated data statistics methodology into history. This study can be said to be an attempt to search for quantitative historical research methodology by establishing a formula to data the hierarchical order of each tomb type targeting the Hongzunyuchang Tomb with a relatively large number of tombs.