Middle-aged male workers in Korea are known to face significant employment instability compared to those in other advanced economies, as they are often unable to maintain their lifetime employment in a stable manner before reaching the eligible age fo...
Middle-aged male workers in Korea are known to face significant employment instability compared to those in other advanced economies, as they are often unable to maintain their lifetime employment in a stable manner before reaching the eligible age for public pension benefits. This employment instability, in turn, is known to lead to instability in both earned income and national pension coverage among middle-aged workers. In this context, the mandatory retirement age extension implemented in 2016 has the potential to positively influence the employment stability, earned income, and national pension coverage of middle-aged male workers. However, previous research on the mandatory retirement age extension has primarily focused on its side effects, and there has been insufficient empirical study into its positive effects on employment stability, earned income, and national pension coverage. Therefore, further analysis in this area is necessary.
The current study applied a difference-in-difference event study (DID-event study) analysis based on Economically Active Population Survey (EAPS) optional survey by types of labor to examine the impact of the mandatory retirement age extension on the employment stability, earned income, and national pension coverage of middle-aged male workers. Additionally, the study further investigated differences in the effects of the mandatory retirement age extension on these outcome variables by distinguishing firm size.
Prior to the main results analysis, this study specifically discussed the institutional causes behind the employment instability experienced by middle-aged workers in Korea compared to those in major advanced countries, along with the resulting conditions of employment stability, earned income, and national pension coverage. This discussion, considering the distinctive characteristics of Korea, helps to enhance the understanding of how the mandatory retirement age extension affects employment stability, earned income, and national pension coverage. Compared to major advanced countries, Korea’s employment protection system for middle-aged workers appears insufficient in safeguarding them from employment instability. Most advanced countries do not have a mandatory retirement age. Even where it does exist, it is typically designed to be later than the public pension eligibility age to prevent income gaps. In contrast, Korea has a distinct mandatory retirement age which is set earlier than the public pension eligibility age, resulting in a substantial likelihood of income gaps for middle-aged workers. Also, while labor laws in most advanced countries strictly protect the employment of middle-aged workers to ensure they maintain stable lifetime employment until reaching the public pension eligibility age, Korea allows for early retirement of middle-aged workers through circumvention of the Labor Standards Act, resulting in lack of strict protection of their employment. Due to these institutional factors, many Korean middle-aged workers are unable to stably maintain their main lifetime employment and tend to be reemployed in bridge jobs with low income levels and poor working conditions, consequently facing instability in earned income and national pension coverage. An analysis of the foundational statistics confirms that, as individuals transition into middle age, they are increasingly subject to employment instability, which in turn is accompanied by corresponding instability in both earned income and national pension coverage. Considering these particular characteristics and circumstances in Korea, if the mandatory retirement age is legally extended, the proportion of middle-aged workers maintaining stable lifelong employment is expected to increase. As a result, the number of middle-aged workers who can stably maintain earned income and national pension coverage is also likely to rise.
This study confirmed the aforementioned points, and the main analytic results are as follows. First, the extension of the mandatory retirement age was found to have a positive effect on employment stability. Specifically, the extension contributed to an increase in the proportion of workers with ten or more years of continuous service and a decrease in the proportion of workers with less than five years of service. This outcome appears to reflect the fact that, by legally mandating the extension of the retirement age, the enforceability and binding nature of the retirement age were strengthened compared to when retirement age was determined solely by internal company regulations. Meanwhile, these results contrast with prior studies that argued the extension of the mandatory retirement age would lead to an increase in early retirements among middle-aged workers and thus have a negative impact on employment stability. Theoretically, employers facing higher cost burdens due to the extension might actively encourage early retirement of middle-aged employees, potentially causing employment instability in this demographic. However, in practice, several constraints exist that limit such inducements, including the financial capacity to provide adequate severance payments for early retirees and the conditions of workplaces that may not be exempt from obligations to prevent workforce reductions. Taking these practical constraints into account, contrary to previous claims that the mandatory retirement age extension would destabilize the employment of middle-aged workers, the findings of this study suggest that the extension is more likely to contribute positively to their employment stability.
Second, the extension of the mandatory retirement age was also found to have a positive effect on earned income. This result suggests that as the number of workers maintaining their main lifetime employment increased and those reemployed in bridge jobs decreased, the earned income of middle-aged workers increased accordingly. Meanwhile, although employment stability improved due to the retirement age extension, there was a potential for decline in earned income of middle-aged workers as a result of support programs that incentivized the introduction of the wage peak system, which was implemented concurrently with the extension. However, the analysis in this study did not confirm any negative effects on earned income attributable to the wage peak system. This can be explained by the relatively low adoption rate of the wage peak system in Korea, which stood at 4.9% as of 2019, making its impact negligible.
Third, the analysis of the impact of the mandatory retirement age extension on national pension coverage found no statistically significant effect on the overall national pension coverage rate. However, when analyzed by type of coverage, the extension was found to have a positive effect on the proportion of workplace-based contributors and a negative effect on the proportion of regional contributors, thereby contributing to an improvement in the stability of national pension coverage. Given the lack of statistical significance, however, careful consideration is required when interpreting these findings. Nevertheless, the empirical findings confirming the relationship between the mandatory retirement age extension and national pension coverage, and the indication that the extension may help stabilize national pension coverage even without statistical significance, represent an important contribution of the analysis.
Fourth, the mandatory retirement age extension was found to have a more positive effect on workers in small-sized establishments. The extension increased the proportion of workers maintaining their main lifetime employment more in small-sized establishments than in large-sized establishments, and it decreased the proportion of workers reemployed in bridge jobs to a greater extent, resulting in greater employment stability for middle-aged workers in small-sized establishments. Additionally, the mandatory retirement age extension was shown to have a more positive impact on the earned income of workers in small-sized establishments compared to those in large-sized establishments. While previous studies and media reports have claimed that the benefits of the mandatory retirement age extension are concentrated among workers in large-sized establishments, this argument is not supported by the findings of this study. The reason why the positive effects of the mandatory retirement age extension appear more prominently in small-sized establishments than in large-sized establishments, contrary to prior research and media coverage, seems to be due to the stronger seniority-based wage system in large-sized establishments compared to the small-sized establishments. When the wage system strongly depends on seniority, the cost burden on employers due to the mandatory retirement age extension significantly increases, and employers are likely to have actively encouraged early retirement among middle-aged workers or aggressively introduced the wage peak system to reduce these cost burdens.
This study holds significance in that it empirically analyzed the effects of the mandatory retirement age extension on employment stability, earned income, and national pension coverage, which are areas that have not been thoroughly examined previously. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the theoretical foundation regarding the impact of the mandatory retirement age extension on employment stability, earned income, and national pension coverage. Furthermore, by demonstrating the potential positive effects of the extension in these areas, the results provide important policy implications for the ongoing discussions on further extending the mandatory retirement age.