In today’s international order, marked by complex inter-state interactions and the intersection of security and economics, states’ responses to external threats can no longer be explained solely by their material capabilities. States often exhibit...
In today’s international order, marked by complex inter-state interactions and the intersection of security and economics, states’ responses to external threats can no longer be explained solely by their material capabilities. States often exhibit divergent strategic behaviors even under similar external conditions. This suggests that the existence of external threats alone cannot adequately account for the processes of foreign policy action, change, or continuity. Against this backdrop, this paper centers on the self-perception of the state and investigates how such ‘role conception’ is translated into policy through interactions among strategic actors within the state apparatus.
Within the structural context of the formation and evolution of the United States’ traditional ‘hub-and-spokes’ alliance system in Asia, this study examines how its minilateral strategy, under the consistent condition of a perceived threat from China, evolved through a delayed process of institutionalization and influenced the reconfiguration of the regional alliance order. To this end, the study first traces the transformation of U.S. strategic perceptions of China—from a subject of engagement to an object of strategic competition—dividing the analysis into two periods: from the Cold War through the 2000s, and the post-2010s era. It then examines the institutional evolution of the so-called “San Francisco System” as the backbone of U.S. alliances in Asia.
The core analysis focuses on the Trump (first term) and Biden administrations, both of which operated under a persistent perception of China as a strategic competitor. It explores how the respective presidents and their key decision-makers (vice president, national security adviser, secretary of state, and secretary of defense) conceived of the U.S. role, and how U.S. allies prescribed certain roles to the U.S. in return. The study demonstrates that during the first Trump administration, incoherence among key decision-makers’ role conceptions led to misalignment with allies’ role prescriptions, rendering the U.S. position unpredictable and unstable. In contrast, the Biden administration exhibited a high degree of alignment among decision-makers, which corresponded to a more coherent and predictable role prescription by allies. However, the study also points out that allies’ attitudes toward the U.S.-led minilateral strategy do not always correlate with their evaluations of U.S. leadership per se. Minilateral strategy remains an autonomous diplomatic domain shaped by individual strategic preferences and cannot be wholly explained by U.S. role conception alone.
Based on this, the study analyzes the formulation and execution of U.S. foreign policy—namely, role performance—by focusing on the framework of the ‘minilateral strategy.’ It defines the concept of minilateral strategy, outlines its emergence in practice, and provides empirical evidence that, although both administrations aimed to counter China, minilateral strategy was delayed under Trump (first term) but formally institutionalized in strategic documents under Biden. This divergence is analyzed within the long-term institutional context of the post-Cold War hub-and-spokes system, ultimately arguing that this case goes beyond the conventional paradigm in which structure constrains actors, by demonstrating how actors can in turn reshape structure and lead to the active reconfiguration of alliance structure.
This study contributes to the literature by empirically demonstrating that the U.S.-led alliance architecture in Asia is not fixed but rather adjustable based on evolving role dynamics. It further argues that the concept of ‘role’ can go beyond ideological or rhetorical levels and be used as a theoretical tool in explaining specific strategic choices and institutionalization of foreign policy.