This thesis reads Elizabeth Bowen’s The Last September as a (modernist) bildungsroman of negativity. While the classical bildungsroman dealt with the contradiction between individual and society and its ultimate resolution, the modernist bildungsrom...
This thesis reads Elizabeth Bowen’s The Last September as a (modernist) bildungsroman of negativity. While the classical bildungsroman dealt with the contradiction between individual and society and its ultimate resolution, the modernist bildungsroman investigated possibilities of growth – often labeled as the ‘failure of Bildung’ in many studies – that defies socialization by preserving the aforementioned contradiction. Also dealing with such non-normative growth, Bowen’s novel clearly belongs to the genealogy of modernist bildungsroman. Yet the novel stands out for its focus on the power of the contradiction to rupture and transform normativity. This thesis claims that The Last September presents a unique model of individual growth centering on negativity - the unsignifiable crack or fissure inherent in every subject and society – in which an adolescent becomes not a normative subject but a subject who embodies negativity.
The first chapter examines how The Last September conceptualizes individual growth and how the mentors in this novel either fail or suceeed to trigger such growth in adolescents. Bowen’s model of growth is based on the equal and affective relationship between an adolescent (mentee) and the mentor who embodies negativity. Through this relationship, the mentee recognizes negativity within oneself and society, begins to regard it as what enables freedom from normativity, and embarks on a course of growth based on one’s own negativity. Most Anglo-Irish adults in this novel are failed mentors who imprison adolescents within the ‘maturity script’ - composed of imperialist and heteronormative “ideological fantasies” (Žižek) and habits that reinforce them - thus thwarting their growth. However, IRA soldiers and Marda Norton are successful mentors who urge adolescents (especially the protagonist Lois Farquar) to step beyond the ‘script,’ discover and philosophize about negativity, and finally begin growth as an exploration of one’s ‘pure potentiality.’
The second chapter analyzes how three adolescents in the novel – Gerald Lesworth, Hugo Montmorency, and Laurence – fail to grow by refusing to acknowledge and accept negativity as it is. These characters expel the ever inscrutable and fluid negativity from their lives by signifying it via “fantasies” (Gerald), solidifying it (Hugo), and evading it (Laurence). Consequently, they lead either a short and invariable life bound to normativity (Gerald), the life of a ‘powerless wanderer’ neither tethered to nor free from normativity (Hugo), or the life of a nihilist that indulges in solitude and fancies of destruction (Laurence). None of these adolescents succeed at escaping the reins of normativity, failing to become an individual that leads a life of freedom and limitless changes.
The third chapter analyzes how Lois successfully becomes a subject that embodies negativity. This chapter first focuses on how she becomes a member of an affective coalition amongst successful mentors (including Marda and an IRA soldier) and thereby grows into a mentor herself. Then the chapter explores how Lois as a mentor ruptures normative thinking of other subjects and propels its transformation affectively.
This thesis finally claims that Lois, in the novel’s denouement where the ‘Big House’ Danielstown is consumed in flames, becomes both the ‘subject as a fissure’ and the ‘fissure within Anglo-Irish society.’ She thus grows into an embodiment of the negativity which is inherent in both subject and the world.