This study presents a novel cross-linking strategy and the development of a promising filler material for hydrocarbon-based polymers used as electrolytes in energy systems. Cross-linking and filler incorporation are one of the most effective strategie...
This study presents a novel cross-linking strategy and the development of a promising filler material for hydrocarbon-based polymers used as electrolytes in energy systems. Cross-linking and filler incorporation are one of the most effective strategies for enhancing the mechanical and chemical stability of polymer electrolyte membranes. However, these modifications can also hinder ion conductivity by restricting polymer chain mobility and reducing the uptake of water or doping agents. Therefore, the rational design of cross-linking methods and the careful selection of filler materials are essential for achieving high-performance polymer membranes for energy-related applications.
In Chapter 2, the preparation of cross-linked PBI membranes using ethynyl-grafted Poly(2,2′-p-oxydiphenylene-5,5′-bibenzimidazole) (E-OPBI) and 4,4′-diazido-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid disodium salt tetrahydrate (DSDAD) as a cross-linker was proposed for high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs). Cross-linking was achieved via azide–alkyne click chemistry between the ethynyl groups in the polymer matrix and the azide groups in the cross-linker, along with ethynyl dimerization during membrane casting. The incorporation of DSDAD enabled both covalent cross-linking and the introduction of sulfonic acid groups and triazole linkages in the polymer network, which enhance proton conductivity and membrane stability. Compared to linear OPBI membrane, the optimized cross-linked membranes exhibited improved mechanical properties, oxidative stability, and superior fuel cell performance.
In Chapter 3, a cross-linked PBI membrane was synthesized using a primary amine-functionalized PBI copolymer (PBI-NH₂_x) and 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether as a cross-linker for alkaline water electrolysis (AWE). Cross-linking occurred between the epoxy groups of the cross-linker and the primary amine and imidazole groups in the polymer matrix. Since the amine groups preferentially react with the cross-linker, the imidazole groups, which are responsible for KOH uptake, are better preserved compared to membranes based on conventional mPBI. Moreover, the ether groups in the cross-linker enhanced KOH uptake through ion–dipole interactions, thereby improving hydroxide ion conductivity. As a result, the cross-linked membranes demonstrated superior alkaline stability and hydroxide ion conductivity compared to the conventional mPBI membrane.
In Chapter 4, a novel covalent organic framework enriched with nitrile and ether functionalities was successfully prepared and employed as a nano filler in a SPEEK matrix for PEMFC applications. The resulting composite membranes show improved proton conductivity compared to unmodified SPEEK, attributed to the presence of polar nitrile and ether moieties in COF-EN that enhance water uptake and promote the formation of continuous proton transport pathways within the polymer network. Furthermore, the robust intermolecular interactions such as hydrogen bonding, dipole–dipole interactions, and π–π stacking between COF-EN and SPEEK chains reinforce the mechanical strength and thermochemical durability of the membranes.