Living in an environment free from risk is a fundamental human need and a key determinant of individual quality of life. However, Korean society is currently facing significant challenges such as climate change, population aging, and regional depopula...
Living in an environment free from risk is a fundamental human need and a key determinant of individual quality of life. However, Korean society is currently facing significant challenges such as climate change, population aging, and regional depopulation. These societal issues function as external factors that hinder individuals’ ability to adequately respond to risk situations, thereby underscoring the growing need for policy support in the pursuit of a safer society. Risk factors that threaten a safe environment can be broadly categorized into four types: natural disasters, facility disasters, living safety, and health hazard. This dissertation examines vulnerabilities that threaten safe environments and discusses risk management from three perspectives: psychosocial, physical-spatial, and structural response.
The first study focuses on the psychosocial dimension of urban risk by analyzing the factors that influence risk perception. Utilizing data from Statistics Korea’s Social Survey conducted every two years from 2018 to 2024, the study applies a binary logistic regression model to estimate the probability of perceiving situations as risky. The analysis shows that self-efficacy—comprising knowledge of appropriate responses and the physical ability to implement them—effectively reduces fear of risk. Additionally, it reveals that women, individuals with lower educational attainment, and low-income groups tend to perceive risks more acutely. These findings suggest that socially vulnerable groups require targeted policy support and that differentiated safety systems are needed to enhance coping capacity and self-efficacy.
The second essay addresses the physical-spatial dimension of urban risk, analyzing the factors that compromise pedestrian safety for the elderly and identifying high-risk areas in Seoul. Using traffic accident data for elderly pedestrians provided by the Korea Road Traffic Authority as presence data, the study applies the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model to identify the key factors contributing to pedestrian accidents. The analysis identifies narrow alleyways, a high proportion of elderly residents, and commercial zones as major contributors to accident risk. It further reveals that projected increases in the elderly population—especially in older urban centers—are likely to significantly elevate accident probabilities. The study also confirms that road improvements, particularly the physical separation of pedestrian spaces, can help reduce these risks. Moreover, areas with higher vulnerability in terms of elderly pedestrian safety tend to have lower budget allocations for road management, indicating the need for greater investment in pedestrian infrastructure to foster an age-friendly society.
The third essay examines the structural dimension of urban risk response by analyzing eco-efficiency in fine dust management. Using data from 2019, eco-efficiency scores for 229 municipalities were measured through Data Envelopment Analysis and further examined using a beta regression model. The analysis revealed that a higher proportion of workers in the tertiary sector, a greater share of environmental budget relative to the industrial budget, and increased renewable energy production per secondary industry establishment had significant positive effects on eco-efficiency. These findings suggest that achieving sustainable fine dust management without compromising economic growth requires a transition in the energy consumption structure and continued investment in environmental protection.