Robot-assisted surgery (RAS) has become widely adopted across medical fields, including general surgery, gynecology, and urology, due to its advantages of small incisions over minimally invasive surgery and open surgery. The da Vinci surgical system (...
Robot-assisted surgery (RAS) has become widely adopted across medical fields, including general surgery, gynecology, and urology, due to its advantages of small incisions over minimally invasive surgery and open surgery. The da Vinci surgical system (dVSS) is a leading RAS platform that provides stereoscopic views and precise robotic manipulations. It adopts primary-secondary interfaces: the former is a workstation for the surgeon, referred to as the surgeon console, and the latter is the robotic arms for the patient. The dVSS has evolved to provide a more comfortable operating environment for surgeons, yet further improvements are still required based on clinical needs reported by medical professionals.
This research contains three foundational parts that serve as a baseline for integration into next-generation robotic surgical systems: improvements in speech, vision, and manipulation interfaces. To evaluate each concept, usability evaluations, including task performance assessments and questionnaire-based surveys, were conducted with approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Seoul National University Hospital (IRB No. H-2107-167-1236). Participants, including novices and surgeons, were recruited to ensure comprehensive insights reflecting varying levels of familiarity with the dVSS.
In the first part, a speech recognition control interface (SRCI) was introduced to enable simultaneous control of the endoscope and surgical instruments. This speech-mediated method reduces reliance on master tool manipulators (MTMs) and foot pedals in the dVSS, thereby ensuring a more continuous surgical workflow. The usability evaluation involved 20 surgeons and 18 novices. Both groups showed significant reductions in execution time across all tasks when using the SRCI, compared to traditional methods (p-value < 0.001). The questionnaire responses indicated lower physical demand and effort scores in the surgeon group. These results support the applicability of the speech-mediated approach for workload reduction, enhancing intraoperative continuity.
In the second part, a head-mounted display (HMD) was investigated as a substitute for the conventional vision interface of the dVSS, the stereo viewer (SV). By replacing the SV with the HMD, an approximately 90% volume reduction from 223,195 cm3 (SV) to 27,630 cm3 (HMD) was confirmed, which contributes significantly to the workstation miniaturization. The usability evaluation involved 26 surgeons and 40 novices. The performance analysis demonstrated no significant differences in task execution between the vision interfaces. Notably, the ergonomic analysis revealed significant postural advantages with the HMD, evidenced by statistical differences in craniovertebral angle (p-value < 0.001) and cervical spine moment (p-value < 0.001), supporting the alleviation of chronic fatigue associated with the fixed posture required for SV usage. The questionnaire responses also indicated positive user preferences toward the HMD. To further improve the operating environment when using the HMD, a virtual vision platform (VVP) was developed, enabling real-time access to multiple types of medical data in a virtual space. Participants showed favorable perceptions of the VVP in the technology acceptance score. Following these findings, a medically optimized HMD could serve as an innovative vision interface for robotic surgical systems.
In the third part, an unconstrained lightweight control interface (ULCI) was developed to substitute the traditional manipulation interface of the dVSS, namely the MTMs, with a contactless hand tracking mechanism. The ULCI, built on MediaPipe framework, uses four cameras to track the 3D landmarks of the user’s hands, enabling intuitive manipulator control. The usability evaluation involved 15 novices, and the results confirmed that the accuracy and latency of the ULCI did not hinder task performance, which contributed to the ease of adapting to the interface. Among the participants, 13 novices completed the task successfully and reported minimal fatigue in the distal upper extremities. However, the highest fatigue levels were observed in the shoulders due to prolonged arm abduction, indicating the need for ergonomic refinements such as adding adjustable armrests. Given its performance as a manipulation interface, the ULCI presents a promising alternative to the MTMs as well as contributes to broader applications in human-computer interaction.
Overall, this research demonstrates that speech-mediated control, HMD-based visualization, and contactless hand tracking mechanisms can enhance the usability and ergonomic properties of RAS platforms. Based on these contributions towards ergonomic design, the proposed improvements should be further integrated into an all-in-one surgeon console, reflecting supplementary enhancements, such as improving speech recognition accuracy, reducing the HMD weight for medical use, and adding the armrests to the surgeon side. Building upon the integration baseline proposed in this study, the final objective envisions a system in which a surgeon controls lightweight manipulators while wearing an HMD, with speech commands. These advancements in user-friendly interfaces are expected to contribute to the ergonomic design of the next-generation robotic surgical system, providing a more convenient operating environment for surgeons in the future.