Many pathogenic bacteria form biofilms that are resistant to not only host immune defenses but also antibiotics. Vibrio vulnificus, a fulminating foodborne pathogen, also forms biofilms to colonize and persist in oyster which is a major infection rout...
Many pathogenic bacteria form biofilms that are resistant to not only host immune defenses but also antibiotics. Vibrio vulnificus, a fulminating foodborne pathogen, also forms biofilms to colonize and persist in oyster which is a major infection route of the bacteria. Identification and characterization of the genes critical for biofilm formation is required to develop strategies for controlling biofilms in V. vulnificus. However, differential expression (DE) analysis of the genes in biofilm and planktonic cells under a single condition has limitations to identify the genes essential for biofilm formation. Thus, in this study, a machine learning algorithm named independent component analysis (ICA) was adopted to comprehensively identify the biofilm genes of V. vulnificus. ICA analyzed the large-scale transcriptome data of V. vulnificus cells under various biofilm and planktonic conditions and then identified a total of 72 sets of independently co-regulated genes, iModulons. Among the three iModulons specifically activated in biofilm cells, BrpT-iModulon mainly consisted of known genes of the regulon of BrpT, which is up-regulated by BrpR and functions as a transcription factor controlling biofilm formation in V. vulnificus. Interestingly, the BrpT-iModulon additionally contained two novel genes, VV1_3061 and VV2_1694, designated as cabH and brpN, respectively. cabH and brpN were shared in other Vibrio species and not yet identified by DE analyses. Genetic and biochemical analyses revealed that cabH and brpN are directly up-regulated by BrpT. The deletion of cabH and brpN impaired the robust biofilm and rugose colony formation. CabH, structurally similar to the previously known calcium-binding matrix protein CabA, was essential for attachment to the surface. BrpN, carrying an acyltransferase-3 domain as observed in BrpL, played an important role in exopolysaccharide production. Altogether, ICA identified two novel genes, cabH and brpN, which are regulated by BrpT and essential for the development of robust biofilms and rugose colonies of V. vulnificus. My next concern was about new control strategies which target biofilm formation of bacterial pathogens. To prevent biofilm formation of V. vulnificus, chemical libraries were extensively screened to identify a small molecule inhibiting the activity of BrpR, a master regulator for biofilm genes including brpT. Accordingly, the BrpR inhibitor BFstatin [N1-(2-chloro-5-fluorophenyl)-N3-propylmalonamide], with a half-maximal effective concentration of 8.01 μM, was identified. BFstatin did not interfere with bacterial growth or exhibit cytotoxicity to the human epithelial cell line. BFstatin directly bound to BrpR and interrupted its binding to the target promoter DNAs of the downstream genes. Molecular dynamics simulation of the interaction between BFstatin and BrpR proposed that BFstatin modifies the structure of BrpR, especially the DNA-binding domain. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that BFstatin reduces the expression of the BrpR regulon including the cabABC operon and brp locus which contribute to the production of biofilm matrix of V. vulnificus. By inhibiting matrix development, BFstatin diminished the biofilm levels of V. vulnificus in a concentration-dependent manner. The combined results suggest that BFstatin could be an anti-biofilm agent targeting BrpR, thereby rendering V. vulnificus more susceptible to host immune defenses and antibiotics.