This study investigated the characteristics of fibrotic blebs in dogs that underwent Ahmed® glaucoma valve (AGV) surgery and evaluated a novel device designed to facilitate aqueous humor (AH) drainage through the fibrotic bleb wall.
In Chapter Ⅰ, t...
This study investigated the characteristics of fibrotic blebs in dogs that underwent Ahmed® glaucoma valve (AGV) surgery and evaluated a novel device designed to facilitate aqueous humor (AH) drainage through the fibrotic bleb wall.
In Chapter Ⅰ, the characteristics of blebs formed after AGV surgery in dogs were assessed using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM), and their correlation with postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) was analyzed. Sixteen eyes (13 dogs) with primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) were included. Bleb wall thickness and relative reflectivity were measured. A significant positive correlation was observed between IOP and relative reflectivity (Pearson's r = 0.60, p = 0.01), and a negative correlation was observed between bleb wall thickness and relative reflectivity (Pearson's r = −0.72, p = 0.002). Less dense, lower-reflective, thick-walled blebs on UBM tended to maintain IOP within normal range, whereas denser, hyper-reflective, thinner-walled blebs showed elevated IOP levels despite the use of antiglaucoma medications. Histological examination of an enucleated eye revealed collagen-rich fibrous encapsulation and the presence of myofibroblasts.
In Chapter Ⅱ, a preliminary investigation was conducted to compare the total protein and transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) levels in AH of normal eyes and eyes with PACG, with and without AGV surgery. Nineteen glaucomatous and nine normal eyes were analyzed. Glaucomatous eyes were categorized into pre-surgical, post-surgical, and bleb revision groups. Total protein and TGF-β2 concentrations were significantly higher in all PACG groups compared to normal AH (p < 0.01). Bleb AH exhibited the highest TGF-β2 levels among glaucomatous groups. Post-surgical AH had significantly lower TGF-β2 than pre-surgical and bleb AH. No significant correlation was found between IOP and either variable in any group. Elevated TGF-β2 in PACG could suggest its involvement in disease progression and post-surgical fibrosis.
In Chapter Ⅲ, a preliminary experimental study was conducted to evaluate a novel trans-bleb device (TBD) designed to penetrate the fibrotic bleb wall and restore AH outflow in cases of bleb fibrosis following AGV surgery. AGV implantation was performed in one eye of two clinically normal Beagle dogs. When a bleb was observed on UBM as IOP returned to normal levels, the TBD was inserted through a fenestration created in the bleb wall. After TBD application, a significant reduction in IOP was observed. UBM revealed a decrease in bleb cavity height and the presence of diffuse hypoechoic areas consistent with AH dispersion in surrounding tissues. Histological examination confirmed that the device successfully traversed the fibrotic membrane, with findings including neovascularization, mild inflammatory infiltration, and α-smooth muscle actin-positive myofibroblast differentiation around the implant.
Fibrotic blebs observed after AGV surgery were associated with increased IOP and were characterized by higher reflectivity on UBM. Elevated TGF-β2 concentrations in glaucomatous AH, particularly in blebs requiring revision, suggested its involvement in postoperative fibrosis. The TBD effectively penetrated the fibrotic bleb wall and restored AH outflow, resulting in IOP reduction. These findings indicated that evaluation of bleb characteristics, measurement of AH cytokines, and surgical intervention using a novel device could contribute to improved management of postoperative bleb fibrosis in canine glaucoma.