Most natural and processed foods contain a diverse group of hydrophobic compounds called lipids, which include fatty acyls, acylglycerols, phospholipids, sphingolipids, waxes, sterols, and other water-insoluble species. Their physicochemical propertie...
Most natural and processed foods contain a diverse group of hydrophobic compounds called lipids, which include fatty acyls, acylglycerols, phospholipids, sphingolipids, waxes, sterols, and other water-insoluble species. Their physicochemical properties are influenced by the chemical structure of acyl chains such as carbon chain length, number/position of carbon-carbon double bonds, and geometric and positional configuration. Therefore, developing innovative catalysts for the effective and sustainable control of structures in dietary lipids is crucial, yet challenges persist, especially in managing cis/trans geometric isomerism of ethylene double bonds. Conventional methods based on radical reactions require harsh reaction conditions, reducing reaction yield and making them incompatible with foods. In this thesis, cis/trans fatty acid isomerase (CTI), a cytochrome c-type hemoprotein exclusively found in several Gram-negative bacteria, has been proposed as a practical solution to overcome this challenge. This unique enzyme, which is originally associated with the short-term resistance of bacteria to external environmental stress, remains the only known biocatalyst capable of directly controlling geometric isomerism in unsaturated lipids. However, no efforts have been made to repurpose it for biocatalytic applications, due to the limited knowledge available about its catalytic properties, protein structure, and mode of action.
First of all, a sophisticated analytical platform combining a reversed micelle reaction system and modified methodologies for fatty acid methylation and gas chromatography (GC) separation was constructed. Highly stable Aerosol-OT/isooctane reversed micelles in the presence of the periplasmic fractions from Pseudomonas putida KT2440 were formed with an R-value of 10. Using a cyanopropyl phase DB-FastFAME column, cis/trans isomers of three different monounsaturated fatty acids were separated with resolution factors over 1.34. Based on this assay, the CTI reaction was precisely monitored, and its kinetic parameters were determined. Its catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) was evaluated as 1.62 × 102 M–1·sec–1 toward oleic acid as the model substrate. These advancements provide a methodological foundation for CTI-based biocatalyst research and application in food and lipid processing industries.
Secondly, a comprehensive biochemical characterization of wild-type and recombinant CTIs from P. putida KT2440 was conducted to investigate their catalytic properties and application potential. The wild-type CTI was isolated from the periplasmic fraction using a serial chromatographic purification process. To enable its mass production, the CTI gene from P. putida KT2440 was cloned into a pET26b(+)/pEC86 dual-expression system and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, achieving successful overexpression and heme incorporation. The recombinant CTI showed substrate specificity toward palmitoleic acid (C16:1, cis-Δ9), with the highest conversion rate (99.35 ± 2.25%) over cis-vaccenic acid (61.46 ± 0.06%) and oleic acid (26.29 ± 4.51%), along with substrate promiscuity with chain length and double bond position. Under determined optimum reaction conditions, its catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) was evaluated as 6.79 × 102 M–1·sec–1 toward palmitoleic acid. These results confirm the functional equivalence of recombinant CTI with its wild-type counterpart and the establishment of a mass-production platform for industrial applications, supported by precise catalytic characterization including substrate specificity, optimum conditions, and kinetic parameters. These advancements provide theoretical and practical information for CTI as a promising industrial catalyst to control cis/trans isomerism of dietary lipids.
Finally, structural investigation on the catalytic mechanism of CTI from P. putida strains was performed to elucidate how the enzyme achieves substrate specificity/promiscuity toward monounsaturated fatty acids. Artificial intelligence-based biomolecular modeling revealed that the enzyme adopts a hexacoordinated octahedral heme c complex, covalently bound to the heme-binding motif (23CVACH27) and stabilized by proximal His27-Fe and distal Met146-Fe coordination within a largely solvent-exposed hydrophobic pocket. It discriminates substrates based on pocket size (20−23 Å in length) and entry tunnel geometry, with optimal alignment of the ethylene double bond at the heme center, while its substrate promiscuity is attributed to a spacious active site that accommodates substrate variations in alkyl chain length and double bond position. Moreover, the molecular binding conformations of three monounsaturated fatty acids with the catalytic domain of CTI were analyzed by molecular docking simulation. These results revealed that palmitoleic acid exhibited the highest docking confidence (c = +0.90) and SMINA binding affinity (–2.47 kcal/mol), with precise alignment of the double bond at the heme iron center. In contrast, cis-vaccenic acid and oleic acid exhibited lower docking confidences (c = –0.61 and –1.62, respectively), with less favorable alignment at the heme center, correlating with their low catalytic conversion. These findings provide structural insights into the catalytic mechanism of CTI, and a blueprint for developing CTI-based biocatalysts for industrial applications.
In conclusion, this thesis not only elucidates the catalytic characteristics of a unique cytochrome c-type CTI but also establishes its practical potential as a structurally and functionally defined biocatalyst for directly controlling geometric isomerism in lipids, particularly in food and lipid chemistry.