Canine melanoma is a highly aggressive tumor, accounting for approximately 7% of all canine malignancies. Over 97% of oral cases are malignant, with a poor prognosis and a median survival time of only 2–3 months if left untreated. Standard-of-care, ...
Canine melanoma is a highly aggressive tumor, accounting for approximately 7% of all canine malignancies. Over 97% of oral cases are malignant, with a poor prognosis and a median survival time of only 2–3 months if left untreated. Standard-of-care, including wide surgical resection and radiation therapy, is often hampered by the tumor’s anatomical location, particularly when it is surgically inaccessible, resulting in incomplete local control. At the time of diagnosis, a relatively high metastatic rate of 30–40% is observed, and the response to systemic chemotherapy is limited. The most effective single agent, carboplatin, showed an overall response rate (ORR) of only 28%. Regarding the ONCEPT DNA vaccine therapy, its availability is limited in Korea. Furthermore, although it has been shown to extend survival time as an adjuvant therapy for digital melanoma, multiple studies have reported that its use for oral melanoma post-surgery does not lead to a significant difference in prognosis.
Cell cycle dysregulation, including CDK4/6 copy number gains, is a known feature of canine melanoma, suggesting that cell cycle inhibition is a promising therapeutic avenue. Abemaciclib, a selective CDK4/6 inhibitor, is approved for the treatment of HR+/HER2- human breast cancer by inducing G1 phase arrest, but its efficacy in canine melanoma remains unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the antitumor effects of abemaciclib, as a monotherapy and in combination with fenbendazole, in canine melanoma models.
In vitro, abemaciclib inhibited proliferation and migration of canine melanoma cell lines (CMeC1, KMeC, LMeC, UCDK9M4, and UCDK9M5). Flow cytometry confirmed G1 phase cell cycle arrest in all cell lines; however, in UCDK9M5 cells, recovery of the G2/M population to control levels was observed at concentrations ≥ 2 µM. In morphological analysis with Diff-Quik staining and phase-contrast microscopy observation, all cell lines revealed extensive cytoplasmic vacuolization at abemaciclib concentrations ≥ 2.5 µM.
RT-qPCR analysis of abemaciclib treatment revealed that the expression of CCNA2 and CCNB1 was decreased in all cell lines. The expression of CCNE1 and CCNE2 was suppressed in all cell lines except LMeC; in contrast, LMeC showed CCNE1 levels similar to the control and a notable increase in CCNE2 expression. Regarding CCND1 expression, it was comparable to the control in UCDK9M4. However, in the other cell lines, its expression increased.
Western blot analysis confirmed the suppressed phosphorylation of the Rb protein in all cell lines following abemaciclib treatment. The protein expression of Cyclin A2 and Cyclin E1 decreased in CMeC1, UCDK9M4, and UCDK9M5. However, in KMeC and LMeC, the decrease in Cyclin A2 was not prominent. Cyclin E1 expression was increased in KMeC and LMeC. While no significant changes were observed in the levels of cleaved PARP, an apoptosis marker, the induction of autophagy was confirmed by the observed decrease in LC3B-I and increase in LC3B-II levels.
To investigate the origin of the cytoplasmic vacuoles induced by abemaciclib, a FITC-dextran uptake assay was performed. The absence of FITC within the vacuoles determined that they were not of extracellular origin. Furthermore, co-treatment with a V-ATPase inhibitor suppressed vacuole formation, supporting the possibility of a lysosomal origin. To assess the completion of the autophagic process, p62 protein levels were observed via immunofluorescence. A distinct accumulation of p62 was observed, suggesting that the autophagic flux was incompletely terminated.
When combined with fenbendazole, abemaciclib demonstrated a synergistic effect at specific concentration ranges, which was confirmed using the Highest Single Agent model in SynergyFinder. To determine if this synergy could be reproduced in vivo, UCDK9M5 cells, which showed the highest synergistic effect, were xenografted into BALB/c nude mice. Significant tumor growth inhibition was observed in both the abemaciclib monotherapy and the combination therapy groups compared to the control. In contrast, the fenbendazole monotherapy group showed a trend of tumor suppression that did not reach statistical significance.
Taken together, these results demonstrate that abemaciclib exerts its antitumor effects in canine melanoma by inducing G1 phase cell cycle arrest through the inhibition of Rb phosphorylation, while simultaneously triggering an incomplete autophagic flux associated with lysosomal dysfunction. Furthermore, the synergistic effects observed with fenbendazole suggest that the concurrent targeting of different cell cycle phases represents a effective therapeutic strategy for melanomas with cell cycle dysregulation.