This dissertation aims to investigate the change of the representation of nature in Korean poetry and discourse from the 1990s to the early 2000s through the concept of “denaturalization.” Denaturalization of nature refers both to (1) a descriptiv...
This dissertation aims to investigate the change of the representation of nature in Korean poetry and discourse from the 1990s to the early 2000s through the concept of “denaturalization.” Denaturalization of nature refers both to (1) a descriptive term for the phenomenon in which nature itself loses its nature and comes to embody a hybrid character, and (2) a methodological approach for interpreting nature as a historical representation, moving away from essentialist representation grounded in the nature/culture binary. By examining how representations of nature in the 1990s were formed under specific historical, discursive and epistemological conditions and how they were transformed literarily, this study seeks to illuminate the ecological implications of 1990s poetry and its literary-historical significance.
The dissertation is structured into three main chapters: Chapter 2, Chapter 3, and Chapter 4. Chapter 2 reveals how nature in ecological poetry is constructed as a romanticized and feminized representation, thereby reinforcing the nature/culture binary. It begins by analyzing the rise of ecopoetry in relation to the broader literary and discursive context, especially considering how ecological issues emerged as central themes in the literary field. The emergence of ecopoetry in the 1990s occurred within a historical context of both expanding the minjung discourse of the 1980s and breaking from marxism. The convergence of ecopoetry with the lyrical principle that shared the diagnosis of a disrupted unity between nature and humans contributed to its literary legitimacy, which aligned with the pursuit of literary autonomy and modernity. However, this also limited opportunities for generic renewal and contributed to the genre's formal typification by partially reinforcing modern dualisms such as subject/object and nature/culture.
Section 2.2 discusses the discourses and works that shaped romanticized and feminized representation of nature in ecopoetry. In particular nature is often represented as a space to which one must return or something that must be restored. While Kim Jiha’s “The Suffering of the Center” offers a partial departure from these conventions through Life Thought, other poems such as “All Gone” and “Tears” suggest a metapoetic critique of the romanticized projection of the inner self onto nature. This romanticization is also connected to feminization, especially through maternal metaphors of care and reproduction. While poet Na Hee-deok is often read in this context, this dissertation proposes an alternative reading of her poetry as articulating a daughter’s mourning for the collapse of father and history, symbolized through the motif of the “root.”
Chapter 3 analyzes how the postmodern poetic discourse of the 1990s deconstructed the essentialist representation of nature through themes such as the “deconstruction of the subject” and the “obliteration of nature.” Section 3.1 examines how postmodernism was received in the literary field and highlights cases that aesthetically appropriated the theme of the subject’s disappearance. Poet Oh Kyu-won, for example, explored subjectivity’s disappearance through postmodern aesthetics. His “raw image poems,” such as “Me and the Sand,” “Tomato and Knife – Still Life b,” and “Mountain,” challenge the illusion of pure objectivity, revealing the paradoxical agency of the human subject through the materiality of things.
Section 3.2 discusses the dilemma of nature’s obliteration, a core issue in postmodern urban poetry. The contrast between the obliteration of nature and ecological recovery—seen, for example, in a debate between Paik Nak-chung and Fredric Jameson—reflects tensions within the 1990s literary field. Poets like Jang Jung-il and Yoo Ha depict this dilemma by neither affirming nature nor modern urban civilization, while Ha Jae-bong explores posthuman subjects through technology yet retains a perspective that externalizes the machine. Poet Lee Won’s work, in contrast, questions the nature/culture binary by thematizing ‘electronic deserts’ and cyborg subjectivities and dismantles a gendered desire for the return to nature, offering a critical response to the postmodern condition.
Chapter 4 examines how women’s poetry (and feminist poetics) contributed to the denaturalization of nature by challenging essentialist notions of nature and femininity. Section 4.1 focuses on poets like Kim Seung-hee, who attempted to re-signify femininity through poetic experimentation and theoretical engagement. During the 1990s, the concept of femininity was both central to feminist literary identity and under critique for its essentialist premises regarding gender. While Kim Jeong-ran emphasized epistemological subjectivity distinct from normative femininity, Kim Seung-hee revealed the dynamism of women’s poetry as a process of re-categorization through a reading that deconstructs the binary of femininity. Kim Hye-soon conceptualized femininity as “being possessed,” presenting an embodied, non-normative feminine subjectivity. Kim Seung-hee’s poem "Between the Saint and the Witch" is interpreted as a work that reveals her understanding of femininity. When read alongside poems such as "Drifting Metonymy" and "Love 13," it becomes evident that her reflection on femininity develops into the metonymy, which deconstructs the modern epistemology that reduces the other to the interiority of the self. A similar tendency is found in Kim Hyesoon’s poetics. Her feminist theory of poetry examines the principles of the lyric poetry from a gendered perspective and devises a anti-lyrical mode of utterance, placing at its core a critical awareness of the gendered nature/culture dichotomy.
Section 4.2 explores how Kim Hye-soon’s poetry and poetics conceptualize nature and ecological consciousness. She not only criticizes the nature/culture binary but also represents nature as a web-like image entangled with the “body” and as something immanent within the body. This conception is further concretized through the images of “Seoul” and “woman (mother).” In poems like “Hwanghak-dong Recycled Rubber Hose Factory” and “Riverside Pocha,” Seoul is depicted as a tangled web of secular, non-human vitality. In works such as “The Way to Melodrama" and “Silent Night, Holy Night”, nature is portrayed as a force immanent in the subject, one that connects with and becomes the repressed other. Furthermore, such reflections on nature and femininity lead to the development of an anti-lyrical poetics and the invention of poetic forms that deconstruct the modern epistemological framework grounded in the subject/object binary. In this sense, the 1990s served as a contested site where poetic imagination and thought on nature unfolded, marking a literary-historical turning point that anticipated the transformations of poetry in the 2000s.