Elementary school students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often exhibit challenging behaviors such as crying, yelling, and even aggression when faced with tasks they dislike or find difficult. Aggressive behaviors can be harmful to others and put...
Elementary school students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often exhibit challenging behaviors such as crying, yelling, and even aggression when faced with tasks they dislike or find difficult. Aggressive behaviors can be harmful to others and put the child at risk. Many children engage in these behaviors to avoid uncomfortable situations, which can hinder their academic progress, impede their growth, and infringe on the learning rights of other students. This necessitates effective intervention strategies. Functional communication training (FCT) and differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) are often used as replacement strategies for problem behaviors maintained by avoidance. These strategies typically involve extinction of the problem behavior, referred to as escape extinction when applied to avoidance behaviors. However, recent research has questioned the use of extinction due to potential drawbacks. Studies have shown that escape extinction can be difficult to implement in natural settings, leading to increased interest in methods that reduce problem behaviors without extinction. While several strategies have shown promise in reducing avoidance-maintained problem behaviors without escape extinction, domestic research on the adverse effects of escape extinction and interventions that avoid its use remains limited. This study examined the effects of differential reinforcement without extinction on task avoidance and task completion rates in an elementary school student with ASD. A multiple probe design across behaviors was used. A preference assessment, including interviews with the mother and a multiple stimulus without replacement (MSWO) assessment, was conducted to identify potential reinforcers. Functional assessment and brief functional analysis were then used to determine the function of the problem behaviors. The results indicated that the primary function of the child's problem behavior was avoidance. During the baseline phase, tasks were presented, and if problem behaviors occurred, the child was allowed to avoid the task for 30 seconds, mirroring the escape condition of the functional analysis. Physical prompts were provided to complete tasks following incorrect responses, followed by neutral feedback (e.g., "Good job."). Correct responses were also followed by neutral feedback and task presentation. Intervention was first implemented for Korean language tasks, and once a treatment effect was observed, the intervention was introduced to mathematics tasks. During the intervention phase, correct responses were reinforced with a preferred item (identified via preference assessment), while incorrect responses were followed by physical prompts to complete the task and a less preferred item. If problem behaviors occurred, the task was removed for 30 seconds, as in the baseline phase. Before the maintenance phase, the reinforcement schedule was thinned to Fixed Ratio(FR)2 and FR3 for both tasks. Problem behaviors, which were high during baseline, decreased following the intervention. Non-overlapping of data (PND) between baseline and intervention was 85.71% and 100% for Korean language and mathematics tasks, respectively. Problem behaviors did not reemerge despite thinning the reinforcement schedule. The results suggest that differential reinforcement without extinction had a functional relationship with task avoidance. During the maintenance phase, problem behaviors remained lower than in baseline. However, the study did not demonstrate a functional relationship between differential reinforcement without extinction and task completion rates, as correct response rates increased prior to intervention. During the maintenance phase, conducted in the same manner as baseline, problem behaviors remained lower than in baseline for both Korean language and mathematics tasks. Although this study did not confirm the effect of differential reinforcement without extinction on task completion rates in children with ASD, correct response rates continued to increase even as task difficulty increased. The effectiveness of this intervention on task avoidance behaviors was confirmed and maintained. In conclusion, while this study did not demonstrate a functional relationship between differential reinforcement without extinction and task completion rates, it confirmed that correct response rates continuously increased and task avoidance behaviors decreased.
Key words : Autism Spectrum Disorder, Escape Extinction, Differential Reinforcement