Trilateral security cooperation among the US, Japan, and South Korea represents a significant historical achievement, especially considering the long-standing impediments that had hindered the establishment of an institutionalized framework for collab...
Trilateral security cooperation among the US, Japan, and South Korea represents a significant historical achievement, especially considering the long-standing impediments that had hindered the establishment of an institutionalized framework for collaboration. In particular, the strained bilateral relationship between Japan and South Korea stemming from unresolved historical grievances as well as divergent threat perceptions against China and differing approaches to North Korea made such cooperation appear nearly impossible. Some experts contend that China’s increasingly assertive behavior and North Korea’s technological advancements of missiles and nuclear weapons catalyzed trilateral cooperation. However, this paper argues that the emergence of trilateral security cooperation was primarily driven by the adoption of the US-led Indo-Pacific strategy by Japan and South Korea in order to bolster security assurances from the US and the convergence of political will, a positive attitude toward trilateral security cooperation, among the three countries’ political leaders. The Biden administration’s commitment to multilateralism, the relatively moderate stance of Japanese Prime Minister Kishida, and South Korean President Yoon’s ambition to expand its role from a regional to a global actor created an environment of political synergy conducive to cooperation. Moreover, for both Japan and South Korea, aligning with the US’s Indo-Pacific strategy constituted a pragmatic political calculation, which offered not only enhanced security guarantees from the US but also more diversified diplomatic options. By examining each country’s foreign policies and priorities, including the Indo-Pacific strategy, this paper explores the underlying factors that enabled the three countries to reach a consensus on the Camp David Declaration.