TGF-β signaling plays an important role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is considered a crucial step in tumor progression. EMT promotes tumor migration, invasion, and metastasis. TGF-β ligands induce EMT through their downstream ef...
TGF-β signaling plays an important role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is considered a crucial step in tumor progression. EMT promotes tumor migration, invasion, and metastasis. TGF-β ligands induce EMT through their downstream effectors. TGF-β signaling is transmitted inside the cell via the type II TGF-β receptor (TGFBR2) and the type I TGF-β receptor (ALK5). The TGF-β ligand binds to TGFBR2, which subsequently phosphorylates ALK5. ALK5, in turn, phosphorylates SMAD2/3, which are transcription factors that regulate the expression of TGF-β target genes, including SNAIL, SLUG, TWIST, and ZEB1/2—key EMT transcription factors (EMT-TFs). While the regulation of ALK5 stability has been well studied, the regulation of ALK5 kinase activity remains poorly understood. In this study, I identified MARCH2, an E3 ligase, as a regulator of ALK5 kinase activity. MARCH2 mediates K63-linked ubiquitination of ALK5 at the lysine 342/343 residue, promoting ALK5 activation. The knockdown of MARCH2 resulted in a downregulation of ALK5 kinase activity. Additionally, the ALK5 K342/343R mutant, which is defective in lysine 342/343 ubiquitination, lost its kinase activity. The knockdown of MARCH2 also inhibited EMT and migration by downregulating TGF-β signaling. Furthermore, the number of lung nodules decreased dramatically in mice injected with MARCH2 knockout (KO) tumor cells. Analysis of GSE and TCGA datasets revealed that MARCH2 expression was higher in tumor samples, and patients with higher MARCH2 expression had a poorer prognosis. In conclusion, MARCH2 mediates K63-linked ubiquitination of ALK5, which is essential for ALK5 kinase activity, and thus functions as a positive regulator of TGF-β signaling. Therefore, further insight into the function of MARCH2 may provide a novel strategy for blocking tumor progression and metastasis.