Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as transformative modality in targeted cancer therapy by combining the antigen specificity of monoclonal antibodies with potent cytotoxic payloads linked via chemically stable linkers. The overarching goal ...
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as transformative modality in targeted cancer therapy by combining the antigen specificity of monoclonal antibodies with potent cytotoxic payloads linked via chemically stable linkers. The overarching goal in ADC development is to expand the therapeutic index (TI) by reducing the minimum effective dose (MED) through tumor-selective delivery and increasing the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) by minimizing off-target toxicity. Despite this promise, many clinically approved ADCs still fall short of achieving substantial TI improvements, primarily due to on-target toxicity from antigen expression in healthy tissues and off-target toxicity resulting from linker instability and nonspecific payload uptake.
Among these factors, linker stability significantly influences an ADC's safety profile and is predominantly determined by antibody conjugation chemistry. Traditional conjugation methods exploit endogenous cysteine or lysine residues on antibodies. Cysteine-based conjugation via maleimide chemistry, while widely utilized, suffers from instability due to retro-Michael reactions under in vivo conditions. In contrast, lysine-based conjugation forms stable isopeptide bonds through amide coupling with activated esters, providing greater physiological stability. However, precise site-selective modification remains challenging due to antibodies typically having 70 to 90 lysine residues.
To overcome this limitation, a novel affinity-based site-selective conjugation was developed using an affinity ligand that specifically binds to the CH2-CH3 interface of human IgG1. This ligand strategically positions an acyl donor in proximity to Lys248 on human IgG1, enabling selective acyl transfer through a proximity-driven mechanism. The conjugation reaction follows pseudo first-order kinetics, ensuring precise modification at a single lysine residue and minimizing off-target reactions. This strategy results in homogeneous ADCs with enhanced conjugation stability and improved pharmacokinetic properties, providing a robust platform for next-generation ADC development.
Furthermore, to mitigate off-target toxicity associated with payload hydrophobicity, a phosphate-based soluble prodrug strategy is employed. The introduction of a phosphate moiety increases aqueous solubility and markedly reduces nonspecific membrane interactions, particularly those mediated by macropinocytosis. Following internalization into tumor cells, endogenous phosphatases cleave the phosphate group, thereby releasing the active cytotoxic payload in its functional form. This prodrug approach enhances systemic tolerability while maintaining antitumor efficacy, offering a versatile and broadly applicable solution to address the physicochemical limitations of hydrophobic payloads.