Plant terpenoids, the largest and most diverse group of secondary metabolites, play key roles in photosynthesis, growth regulation, respiration, and environmental response. Terpenoid biosynthesis initiates with isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP, C5) and it...
Plant terpenoids, the largest and most diverse group of secondary metabolites, play key roles in photosynthesis, growth regulation, respiration, and environmental response. Terpenoid biosynthesis initiates with isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP, C5) and its isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP, C5), derived from either the cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathway or the plastidial 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. Condensation of two building blocks generate various terpenoids — mono- (C10), sesqui- (C15), di- (C20), tri- (C30), tetra- (C40), and polyterpenes (C>45). Carotenoids, tetraterpenes, are synthesized through a series of enzyme reactions in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, primarily utilizing GGPP (C20) as the precursor, which is derived from MEP pathway followed by successive prenyltransferase actions. The first-step enzymes of the MEP and carotenoid pathways, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and phytoene synthase (PSY), are known as rate-limiting enzymes, present in multiple copies and localized to plastoglobules (PGs) within plastids. These enzymes enable targeted regulation within subfamilies, critical for modulating terpene metabolism and advancing metabolic engineering strategies in plants.
In chapter 1, we aimed to elucidate the functional differences among the rice DXS isoforms (OsDXSs) concerning their structure, tissue-specificity, and regulatory roles. Rice (Oryza sativa) possesses three DXSs (OsDXS1, OsDXS2, and OsDXS3) classified into distinct clades, with OsDXS1 and OsDXS2 being closely related, while OsDXS3 is more distantly related. Structure-based protein clustering revealed that OsDXS1 and OsDXS2 diverged early in the evolutionary lineage, with OsDXS3 classified as an outgroup. Consistent with this, enzyme activity assay in lycopene-producing E. coli showed that OsDXS1 and OsDXS2 had high activity levels, while OsDXS3 was nearly inactive. Subcellular localization studies using rice protoplasts indicated that all three proteins were localized to chloroplasts but exhibited different targeting patterns: OsDXS1 and OsDXS2 were associated with PGs, whereas OsDXS3 localized to the stroma. Promoter analysis further demonstrated distinct expression patterns: OsDXS1 was expressed in photosynthetic tissues, floret, and germinating seedlings, but not in seeds; OsDXS2 was primarily found in leaf veins and seed scutella; and OsDXS3 was expressed in leaves during the reproductive stage and in seed embryos. In functional studies, overexpression of OsDXS1, 2, and 3, both individually and in combination with a β-carotene producing recombinant gene (synthetic stPSY-2A-stCrtI, stPAC), showed no significant differences in photosynthetic organs. However, carotenoid levels were enhanced in seeds for both OsDXS1-stPAC and OsDXS2-stPAC. Knockout studies revealed distinct phenotypes: osdxs1 resulted in albino leaves, osdxs2 caused blackened seeds, and osdxs3 displayed normal phenotype. The lethal phenotype of osdxs1 was completely complemented by only OsDXS1 overexpression, indicating no functional redundancy among three DXS isoforms in rice. Finally, protein-protein interactions revealed that three OsDXSs can form homo- and heterodimers, with varying enzymatic activities among the heterodimers. Overall, this study elucidates the functional differences and interactions within the rice DXS family.
In chapter 2, we intended to elucidate the PG-targeting mechanism of rice PSY2 (OsPSY2) within plastids. We investigated the effects of three hydrophobic regions (HRs) in OsPSY2: HR1 (1–45th aa), HR2 (46–80th aa), and HR3 (229–247th aa). Our finding indicates that the crucial sequence for chloroplast import residue within HR1 (31–45th aa), while stromal cleavage occurs at a specific alanine residue in HR2 (64th aa), confirming that the N-terminal 64-aa region functions as the transit peptide (Tp). HR2 exhibits a weak PG-targeting signal, as evidenced by both synchronous and asynchronous localization patterns in the PGs and stroma of chloroplasts. In contrast, HR3 demonstrates a strong PG-targeting function, ensuring the necessary positional specificity to prevent non-accumulation, aggregation, or misfolding of proteins. In this study, we identified a Tp and two transmembrane domains within the three HRs of OsPSY2, proposing a spontaneous pathway for its PG translocation, with a conformation embedded in the PG monolayer. In conclusion, we unveiled the PG-targeting mechanism of OsPSY2, providing insights into translocation strategies for specific suborganelles within plastids.
This study uncovered the distinct regulation of subfamilies and their targeting to metabolic sites involved in terpene metabolism in rice, providing valuable insights into plant terpene metabolism and potential approaches for crop biotechnology.