This study examined the ideal world pursued in the Lotus Sutra, which has received relatively little attention compared to the Western Pure Land of Amitābha Buddhism or the Tushita Heaven described in Maitreya Sutras. Specifically, it focused on the ...
This study examined the ideal world pursued in the Lotus Sutra, which has received relatively little attention compared to the Western Pure Land of Amitābha Buddhism or the Tushita Heaven described in Maitreya Sutras. Specifically, it focused on the ideal worldview presented in the Lotus Sutra, exploring the ethical and moral values that underpin the Buddhist ideal society and the social practices necessary to realize these ideals. As a central scripture of Mahāyāna Buddhism, the Lotus Sutra proclaims the doctrine of the One Vehicle (Ekayāna), affirming that all sentient beings can attain Buddhahood. It encapsulates the Buddha’s fundamental vow (Pranidhāna) to alleviate suffering and establish a harmonious ideal society. Through this, the Lotus Sutra presents a Buddhist utopia not as a mere speculative philosophy but as a practically achievable vision for society.
The introduction identified the necessity and objectives of this study, highlighting the importance of a comprehensive analysis of the ideal worldview and social practices inherent in the Lotus Sutra. It also emphasized the potential for the Lotus Sutra to transcend its role as a religious text and provide ethical and practical guidance for contemporary society.
In Chapter 2, the composition and ideological characteristics of the Lotus Sutra are systematically organized and analyzed. The Lotus Sutra integrates the three vehicles (tri-yāna, 三乘) into the one vehicle (ekayāna) and teaches sentient beings through various expedient means, presenting the logic of reconciliation and return to oneness (會三歸一), which acknowledges the diversity of beings while affirming that all beings can ultimately become one through the Buddha-nature. This Lotus Sutra emphasizes the eternal nature of the Buddha and the importance of the Bodhisattva path for the salvation of beings, portraying the Bodhisattva as the central figure in salvation, working together with sentient beings to realize an ideal society. Particularly within the logic of the one vehicle, it demonstrates the infinite possibilities of human existence, and around the central teachings of the Lotus Sutra—the opening of the three and revealing the one (開三顯一) and the opening of expedient means and revealing the reality (開權顯實)—it emphasizes that the process of salvation for sentient beings is not merely an individual enlightenment but one based on social solidarity.
Chapter 3 explored the historical and cultural background that shaped the ideal worldview of the Lotus Sutra. During the transition from early Buddhism to Mahāyāna Buddhism, new religious demands emerged in the context of Indian society, giving rise to the formation of the Lotus Sutra. The study analyzed how the scripture provided a concrete vision of an ideal society centered on the Bodhisattva path and how it gained widespread support among the masses.
Chapter 4 examined the specific expressions of the ideal worldview in the Lotus Sutra and its social implications. The scripture emphasizes that all sentient beings inherently possess Buddha-nature and can attain enlightenment by realizing this truth. It presented an ideal worldview where personal enlightenment and social harmony are mutually reinforcing. Furthermore, the study highlighted the role of Avalokiteśvara (觀音) devotion and the development of Tiantai thought in framing the Lotus Sutra as a model for an ideal society within East Asian Buddhism. For instance, Avalokiteśvara devotion fused with Chinese folk traditions to become a widely practiced religion, while the Tiantai school, drawing upon the Lotus Sutra, established philosophical frameworks like the Doctrine of the Three Truths (Sansei Engyōron) and the Teaching of Three Thousand Realms in a Single Thought-Moment (Ichinen Sanzen), thereby enhancing the social ethics of Buddhism.
Chapter 5 addressed the contemporary relevance of the Lotus Sutra. In a world dominated by materialism and individualism, the Lotus Sutra offers alternatives that can foster moral maturity and social harmony. The devotion to Avalokiteśvara and the faith in the Lotus Sutra demonstrate the practical potential for both individual healing and transformative social solidarity. The emphasis on Bodhisattva practices and the merits of reciting the sutra suggests that religious teachings can extend beyond personal salvation to bring about societal transformation.
This study concluded that the ideal worldview of the Lotus Sutra does not remain confined to religious discourse but offers practical direction for fostering moral maturity and harmonious coexistence in contemporary society. The discussion underlined how the Buddhist vision of an ideal society contributes to the pursuit of human spiritual growth and social integration, offering a viable framework for sustainable progress in the modern world.